ActivityKit

ActivityKit owns real-time, glanceable Live Activities displayed on the Lock Screen and, on supported devices, Dynamic Island. StandBy, CarPlay, and a paired Mac can also display Live Activities, but do not blur that core routing: ordinary Home Screen/timeline widgets belong in widgetkit, and generic APNs setup belongs in push-notifications. Live Activity push payload shape stays in ActivityKit: device-token updates use apns-push-type: liveactivity and apns-topic: <bundle-id>.push-type.liveactivity, while aps.content-state must decode into the app's actual ActivityAttributes.ContentState Codable shape. Do not assume Date or ClosedRange<Date> use Unix timestamp lowerBound/upperBound dictionaries unless the Swift model and server contract coordinate that encoding. Boundary answers that keep ActivityKit APNs payloads, content-state, or Live Activity data contracts in scope should include these payload-shape invariants even when routing generic APNs setup elsewhere. Patterns target iOS 26+ with Swift 6.3; modern ActivityContent lifecycle examples require iOS 16.2+ unless noted.

See references/activitykit-patterns.md for complete code patterns including push payload formats, concurrent activities, state observation, and testing.

Workflow
ActivityAttributes Definition
Activity Lifecycle
Lock Screen Presentation
Dynamic Island
Push-to-Update
Recent Additions
Common Mistakes
Review Checklist
References

Workflow

1. Create a new Live Activity

Add NSSupportsLiveActivities = YES to the host app's Info.plist.
Define an ActivityAttributes struct with a nested ContentState.
Create an ActivityConfiguration in the widget bundle with Lock Screen content and Dynamic Island closures.
Start the activity with Activity.request(attributes:content:pushType:).
Update with activity.update(_:) and end with activity.end(_:dismissalPolicy:).
Forward push tokens to your server for remote updates.

2. Review existing Live Activity code

Run through the Review Checklist at the end of this document.

ActivityAttributes Definition

Define both static data (immutable for the activity lifetime) and dynamic ContentState (changes with each update). Keep ContentState small because the entire struct is serialized on every update and push payload.

import ActivityKit

struct DeliveryAttributes: ActivityAttributes {
    // Static -- set once at activity creation, never changes
    var orderNumber: Int
    var restaurantName: String

    // Dynamic -- updated throughout the activity lifetime
    struct ContentState: Codable, Hashable {
        var driverName: String
        var estimatedDeliveryTime: ClosedRange<Date>
        var currentStep: DeliveryStep
    }
}

enum DeliveryStep: String, Codable, Hashable, CaseIterable {
    case confirmed, preparing, pickedUp, delivering, delivered

    var icon: String {
        switch self {
        case .confirmed: "checkmark.circle"
        case .preparing: "frying.pan"
        case .pickedUp: "bag.fill"
        case .delivering: "box.truck.fill"
        case .delivered: "house.fill"
        }
    }
}

Stale Date

Set staleDate on ActivityContent to tell the system when content becomes outdated. The system sets context.isStale to true after this date; show fallback UI (e.g., "Updating...") in your views.

let content = ActivityContent(
    state: state,
    staleDate: Date().addingTimeInterval(300), // stale after 5 minutes
    relevanceScore: 75
)

Activity Lifecycle

Starting

Use Activity.request to create and display a Live Activity. Pass .token as the pushType to enable remote updates via APNs. The ActivityContent request shown here requires iOS 16.2+.

let attributes = DeliveryAttributes(orderNumber: 42, restaurantName: "Pizza Place")
let state = DeliveryAttributes.ContentState(
    driverName: "Alex",
    estimatedDeliveryTime: Date()...Date().addingTimeInterval(1800),
    currentStep: .preparing
)
let content = ActivityContent(state: state, staleDate: nil, relevanceScore: 75)

do {
    let activity = try Activity.request(
        attributes: attributes,
        content: content,
        pushType: .token
    )
    print("Started activity: \(activity.id)")
} catch {
    print("Failed to start activity: \(error)")
}

Updating

Update the dynamic content state from the app. Use AlertConfiguration to trigger a visible banner and sound alongside the update.

let updatedState = DeliveryAttributes.ContentState(
    driverName: "Alex",
    estimatedDeliveryTime: Date()...Date().addingTimeInterval(600),
    currentStep: .delivering
)
let updatedContent = ActivityContent(
    state: updatedState,
    staleDate: Date().addingTimeInterval(300),
    relevanceScore: 90
)

// Silent update
await activity.update(updatedContent)

// Update with an alert
await activity.update(updatedContent, alertConfiguration: AlertConfiguration(
    title: "Order Update",
    body: "Your driver is nearby!",
    sound: .default
))

Ending

End the activity when the tracked event completes. Choose a dismissal policy to control how long the ended activity lingers on the Lock Screen.

let finalState = DeliveryAttributes.ContentState(
    driverName: "Alex",
    estimatedDeliveryTime: Date()...Date(),
    currentStep: .delivered
)
let finalContent = ActivityContent(state: finalState, staleDate: nil, relevanceScore: 0)

// System decides when to remove (up to 4 hours)
await activity.end(finalContent, dismissalPolicy: .default)

// Remove immediately
await activity.end(finalContent, dismissalPolicy: .immediate)

// Remove after a specific time (max 4 hours from now)
await activity.end(finalContent, dismissalPolicy: .after(Date().addingTimeInterval(3600)))

Always end activities on all terminal code paths -- success, user/app cancellation, sign-out/session stop, unrecoverable app error, and terminal server failure. If the server says the tracked event can no longer continue or be represented accurately, apply or send a final terminal state and end the activity instead of leaving stale progress visible. When reviewing duration claims, distinguish the active lifetime (up to 8 hours unless the app or user ends it sooner), system-ended Lock Screen presence (up to 4 additional hours, for 12 hours total from start), and app-ended .default dismissal linger (up to 4 hours after ending).

Lock Screen Presentation

The Lock Screen is the primary Live Activity display surface. Every device with iOS 16.1+ displays Live Activities here. Design this layout first, then adapt for Dynamic Island where available.

struct DeliveryActivityWidget: Widget {
    var body: some WidgetConfiguration {
        ActivityConfiguration(for: DeliveryAttributes.self) { context in
            VStack(alignment: .leading) {
                Text(context.attributes.restaurantName).font(.headline)

                if context.isStale {
                    Label("Updating...", systemImage: "arrow.trianglehead.2.clockwise")
                        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
                } else {
                    Text(timerInterval: context.state.estimatedDeliveryTime, countsDown: true)
                        .monospacedDigit()
                }
            }
            .padding()
        } dynamicIsland: { context in
            DynamicIsland {
                DynamicIslandExpandedRegion(.center) {
                    Text(context.attributes.restaurantName).font(.headline)
                }
                DynamicIslandExpandedRegion(.trailing) {
                    Text(timerInterval: context.state.estimatedDeliveryTime, countsDown: true)
                }
            } compactLeading: {
                Image(systemName: "box.truck.fill")
            } compactTrailing: {
                Text(timerInterval: context.state.estimatedDeliveryTime, countsDown: true)
            } minimal: {
                Image(systemName: "box.truck.fill")
            }
        }
    }
}

Supplemental Activity Families

The Lock Screen presentation has limited vertical space. Avoid layouts taller than roughly 160 points. On iOS 18+, use supplementalActivityFamilies when you provide adaptive layouts beyond the default: .medium for iOS/macOS Live Activity sizing and .small for watchOS Live Activity sizing.

ActivityConfiguration(for: DeliveryAttributes.self) { context in
    // Lock Screen content
} dynamicIsland: { context in
    // Dynamic Island
}
.supplementalActivityFamilies([.medium, .small])

Dynamic Island

Dynamic Island presentations appear only on devices that include Dynamic Island. Design all three modes, but treat the Lock Screen as the primary surface since not all devices have a Dynamic Island.

Compact (Leading + Trailing)

Used when one Live Activity occupies Dynamic Island compact space. Space is extremely limited -- show only the most critical information.

| Region | Purpose | |---|---| | compactLeading | Icon or tiny label identifying the activity | | compactTrailing | One key value (timer, score, status) |

Minimal

Shown when multiple Live Activities compete for space. Only one activity gets the minimal slot. Display a single icon or glyph.

Expanded Regions

Shown when the user long-presses the Dynamic Island.

| Region | Position | |---|---| | .leading | Left of the TrueDepth camera; wraps below | | .trailing | Right of the TrueDepth camera; wraps below | | .center | Directly below the camera | | .bottom | Below all other regions |

Keyline Tint

Apply a subtle tint to the Dynamic Island border:

DynamicIsland { /* expanded */ }
    compactLeading: { /* ... */ }
    compactTrailing: { /* ... */ }
    minimal: { /* ... */ }
    .keylineTint(.blue)

Push-to-Update

Push-to-update sends Live Activity updates through APNs, which is more efficient than polling from the app and works when the app is suspended, subject to APNs delivery, priority, budget, and throttling.

Setup

Pass .token as the pushType when starting the activity, then forward the per-activity update token to your server. Update tokens can rotate, so observe activity.pushTokenUpdates and re-register every emitted token:

let activity = try Activity.request(
    attributes: attributes,
    content: content,
    pushType: .token
)

// Observe token changes -- tokens can rotate
Task {
    for await token in activity.pushTokenUpdates {
        let tokenString = token.map { String(format: "%02x", $0) }.joined()
        try await ServerAPI.shared.registerActivityToken(
            tokenString, activityID: activity.id
        )
    }
}

APNs Payload Format

Send an HTTP/2 POST to APNs with these headers and JSON body:

Required device-token HTTP headers:

apns-push-type: liveactivity
apns-topic: <bundle-id>.push-type.liveactivity
apns-priority: 5 (lower priority) or 10 (immediate, counts against budget)

The aps.alert payload controls visible alert/banner/sound behavior; priority alone does not create an alert.

Payload body: Put timestamp, event, and the full content-state inside aps. Use event: "update" for updates, event: "end" plus optional dismissal-date for ending, and event: "start" with attributes-type, attributes, content-state, and required alert for push-to-start. Add stale-date, relevance-score, or alert when appropriate.

The content-state JSON must decode into ActivityAttributes.ContentState. Use the default synthesized Codable key and value shape unless the Swift model declares custom CodingKeys; then coordinate those exact keys and value shapes server-side. Do not assume Date or ClosedRange<Date> values are Unix timestamp dictionaries unless your Swift model explicitly encodes them that way. Mismatched keys or types can prevent ActivityKit from applying the update.

Push-to-Start

Start a Live Activity remotely without the app running (iOS 17.2+). Push-to-start tokens are ActivityKit-specific tokens from Activity<Attributes>.pushToStartTokenUpdates; they are distinct from ordinary app/device APNs tokens and per-activity update tokens:

Task {
    for await token in Activity<DeliveryAttributes>.pushToStartTokenUpdates {
        let tokenString = token.map { String(format: "%02x", $0) }.joined()
        try await ServerAPI.shared.registerPushToStartToken(tokenString)
    }
}

Frequent Push Updates

Add NSSupportsLiveActivitiesFrequentUpdates = YES to Info.plist to increase the system-managed push update budget. When cadence matters, check ActivityAuthorizationInfo.frequentPushesEnabled and observe frequentPushEnablementUpdates; Apple does not guarantee a fixed update rate.

Recent Additions

Scheduled Live Activities (iOS 26+)

Schedule a Live Activity to start at a future time. The system starts the activity automatically without the app being in the foreground. Use for events with known start times (sports games, flights, scheduled deliveries).

let scheduledDate = Calendar.current.date(
    from: DateComponents(year: 2026, month: 3, day: 15, hour: 19, minute: 0)
)!

let activity = try Activity.request(
    attributes: attributes,
    content: content,
    pushType: .token,
    style: .standard,
    alertConfiguration: AlertConfiguration(
        title: "Game Starting",
        body: "The live score is ready.",
        sound: .default
    ),
    start: scheduledDate
)

ActivityStyle (iOS 18+ request parameter)

Use the iOS 18+ style: request parameter to choose persistence behavior. Use .standard for persistent Live Activities such as deliveries, rides, sports scores, timers, and flight/status boards. Use .transient only for a short-lived expanded Dynamic Island presentation; it can auto-end when the user locks the device, collapses or shrinks the expanded presentation, leaves the app, or does other work outside Dynamic Island.

let activity = try Activity.request(
    attributes: attributes,
    content: content,
    pushType: .token,
    style: .standard
)

Paired Mac & CarPlay (iOS 26+)

Live Activities can appear on a paired Mac and on the CarPlay Home Screen. No additional ActivityKit API is required, but validate compact layouts; buttons and toggles in Live Activities do not perform actions in CarPlay.

Channel-Based Push (iOS 18+)

Broadcast updates to many Live Activities at once with an APNs-created channel ID. Enable the broadcast capability outside Xcode, create the channel on the server, then subscribe with .channel(channelID). Channel pushes update or end Live Activities; they do not start them. Use apns-channel-id and expiration for channel pushes instead of the device-token apns-topic example above.

let activity = try Activity.request(
    attributes: attributes, content: content,
    pushType: .channel(channelIDFromServer)
)

Common Mistakes

DON'T: Put too much content in the compact presentation -- it is tiny. DO: Show only the most critical info (icon + one value) in compact leading/trailing.

DON'T: Update Live Activities too frequently from the app (drains battery). DO: Use push-to-update for server-driven updates. Limit app-side updates to user actions.

DON'T: Forget to end the activity when the event reaches any terminal state. DO: End activities on success, cancellation, sign-out, unrecoverable errors, and terminal server failures. A leaked activity frustrates users.

DON'T: Assume every device has Dynamic Island. DO: Design for the Lock Screen as the primary surface; Dynamic Island is supplementary.

DON'T: Treat Lock Screen or Dynamic Island Live Activities as ordinary Home Screen/timeline widgets. DO: Use ActivityKit for the Live Activity lifecycle and those display surfaces; route ordinary Home Screen/timeline widgets to widgetkit.

DON'T: Reduce Live Activity payload routing to generic content-state matching when the prompt involves APNs payloads. DO: Include the actual ContentState Codable contract and coordinated Date/ClosedRange<Date> encoding caveat; route generic APNs auth and registration to push-notifications.

DON'T: Store sensitive information in ActivityAttributes (visible on Lock Screen). DO: Keep sensitive data in the app and show only safe-to-display summaries.

DON'T: Forget to handle stale dates. DO: Check context.isStale in views and show fallback UI ("Updating..." or similar).

DON'T: Ignore push token rotation. Tokens can change at any time. DO: Use activity.pushTokenUpdates async sequence and re-register on every emission.

DON'T: Forget the NSSupportsLiveActivities Info.plist key. DO: Add NSSupportsLiveActivities = YES to the host app's Info.plist (not the extension).

DON'T: Use the deprecated contentState-based API for request/update/end. DO: Use ActivityContent for all lifecycle calls.

DON'T: Fetch network data or location directly from Live Activity views. DO: Pre-compute display values in the app or server and pass them through ActivityKit updates or pushes.

Review Checklist

[ ] ActivityAttributes defines static properties and ContentState
[ ] NSSupportsLiveActivities = YES in host app Info.plist
[ ] Activity uses ActivityContent (not deprecated contentState API)
[ ] Activity ended in all terminal paths (success, error, cancellation, sign-out, terminal server failure)
[ ] ActivityKit lifecycle and Lock Screen/Dynamic Island Live Activity surfaces are separated from ordinary Home Screen/timeline widget work
[ ] Lock Screen layout, the primary Live Activity surface, handles context.isStale
[ ] Dynamic Island compact, expanded, and minimal implemented with Lock Screen fallback
[ ] Push update token forwarded to server via activity.pushTokenUpdates
[ ] Push-to-start token collected via Activity<Attributes>.pushToStartTokenUpdates
[ ] Push-to-start payload includes required alert
[ ] content-state JSON matches the actual ContentState Codable shape, including coordinated date/range encoding
[ ] Review distinguishes 8-hour active lifetime, 12-hour total system-ended Lock Screen presence, and 4-hour app-ended .default linger
[ ] ActivityAuthorizationInfo checked before starting
[ ] frequentPushesEnabled checked before assuming high-cadence pushes
[ ] ContentState kept small (serialized on every update)
[ ] iOS 18+ availability guarded for style:, .channel, and supplemental families
[ ] iOS 18+ style: choices are justified: .standard for persistent Live Activities, .transient only for short-lived expanded Dynamic Island presentations
[ ] ActivityKit push priority and aps.alert behavior are handled separately
[ ] Live Activity views avoid direct network/location work
[ ] Tested on device for push delivery and Dynamic Island behavior

References

See references/activitykit-patterns.md for patterns and code examples