docs/zh-CN/skills/swift-actor-persistence/SKILL.md
在 Swift 中使用 actor 实现线程安全的数据持久化——基于内存缓存与文件支持的存储,通过设计消除数据竞争。
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使用 Swift actor 构建线程安全数据持久化层的模式。结合内存缓存与文件支持的存储,利用 actor 模型在编译时消除数据竞争。
Actor 模型保证了序列化访问 —— 没有数据竞争,由编译器强制执行。
public actor LocalRepository<T: Codable & Identifiable> where T.ID == String {
private var cache: [String: T] = [:]
private let fileURL: URL
public init(directory: URL = .documentsDirectory, filename: String = "data.json") {
self.fileURL = directory.appendingPathComponent(filename)
// Synchronous load during init (actor isolation not yet active)
self.cache = Self.loadSynchronously(from: fileURL)
}
// MARK: - Public API
public func save(_ item: T) throws {
cache[item.id] = item
try persistToFile()
}
public func delete(_ id: String) throws {
cache[id] = nil
try persistToFile()
}
public func find(by id: String) -> T? {
cache[id]
}
public func loadAll() -> [T] {
Array(cache.values)
}
// MARK: - Private
private func persistToFile() throws {
let data = try JSONEncoder().encode(Array(cache.values))
try data.write(to: fileURL, options: .atomic)
}
private static func loadSynchronously(from url: URL) -> [String: T] {
guard let data = try? Data(contentsOf: url),
let items = try? JSONDecoder().decode([T].self, from: data) else {
return [:]
}
return Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues: items.map { ($0.id, $0) })
}
}
由于 actor 隔离,所有调用都会自动变为异步:
let repository = LocalRepository<Question>()
// Read — fast O(1) lookup from in-memory cache
let question = await repository.find(by: "q-001")
let allQuestions = await repository.loadAll()
// Write — updates cache and persists to file atomically
try await repository.save(newQuestion)
try await repository.delete("q-001")
@Observable
final class QuestionListViewModel {
private(set) var questions: [Question] = []
private let repository: LocalRepository<Question>
init(repository: LocalRepository<Question> = LocalRepository()) {
self.repository = repository
}
func load() async {
questions = await repository.loadAll()
}
func add(_ question: Question) async throws {
try await repository.save(question)
questions = await repository.loadAll()
}
}
| 决策 | 理由 |
|----------|-----------|
| Actor(而非类 + 锁) | 编译器强制执行的线程安全性,无需手动同步 |
| 内存缓存 + 文件持久化 | 从缓存中快速读取,持久化写入磁盘 |
| 同步初始化加载 | 避免异步初始化的复杂性 |
| 按 ID 键控的字典 | 按标识符进行 O(1) 查找 |
| 泛型化 Codable & Identifiable | 可在任何模型类型中重复使用 |
| 原子文件写入 (.atomic) | 防止崩溃时部分写入 |
Sendable 类型.atomic 写入 以防止应用在写入过程中崩溃导致数据损坏init 中同步加载 —— 异步初始化器会增加复杂性,而对本地文件的益处微乎其微@Observable ViewModel 结合使用 以实现响应式 UI 更新DispatchQueue 或 NSLock 而非 actorawait —— 调用者必须处理异步上下文nonisolated 来绕过 actor 隔离(违背了初衷)DispatchQueue 的旧式线程安全机制data-ai
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