affaan-m/redis-patterns

Redis Patterns

Quick reference for Redis best practices across common backend use cases.

How It Works

Redis is an in-memory data structure store that supports strings, hashes, lists, sets, sorted sets, streams, and more. Individual Redis commands are atomic on a single instance; multi-step workflows require Lua scripts, MULTI/EXEC transactions, or explicit synchronization to stay atomic. Data is optionally persisted via RDB snapshots or AOF logs. Clients communicate over TCP using the RESP protocol; connection pools are essential to avoid per-request handshake overhead.

When to Activate

• Adding caching to an application
• Implementing rate limiting or throttling
• Building distributed locks or coordination
• Setting up session or token storage
• Using Pub/Sub or Redis Streams for messaging
• Configuring Redis in production (pooling, eviction, clustering)

Data Structure Cheat Sheet

| Use Case | Structure | Example Key | |----------|-----------|-------------| | Simple cache | String | product:123 | | User session | Hash | session:abc | | Leaderboard | Sorted Set | scores:weekly | | Unique visitors | Set | visitors:2024-01-01 | | Activity feed | List | feed:user:456 | | Event stream | Stream | events:orders | | Counters / rate limits | String (INCR) | ratelimit:user:123 | | Bloom filter / HLL | HyperLogLog | hll:pageviews |

Core Patterns

Cache-Aside (Lazy Loading)

import redis
import json

r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, decode_responses=True)

def get_product(product_id: int):
    cache_key = f"product:{product_id}"
    cached = r.get(cache_key)

    if cached:
        return json.loads(cached)

    product = db.query("SELECT * FROM products WHERE id = %s", product_id)
    r.setex(cache_key, 3600, json.dumps(product))  # TTL: 1 hour
    return product

Write-Through Cache

def update_product(product_id: int, data: dict):
    # Write to DB first
    db.execute("UPDATE products SET ... WHERE id = %s", product_id)

    # Immediately update cache
    cache_key = f"product:{product_id}"
    r.setex(cache_key, 3600, json.dumps(data))

Cache Invalidation

# Tag-based invalidation — group related keys under a set
def cache_product(product_id: int, category_id: int, data: dict):
    key = f"product:{product_id}"
    tag = f"tag:category:{category_id}"
    pipe = r.pipeline(transaction=True)
    pipe.setex(key, 3600, json.dumps(data))
    pipe.sadd(tag, key)
    pipe.expire(tag, 3600)
    pipe.execute()

def invalidate_category(category_id: int):
    tag = f"tag:category:{category_id}"
    keys = r.smembers(tag)
    if keys:
        r.delete(*keys)
    r.delete(tag)

Session Storage

import time
import uuid

def create_session(user_id: int, ttl: int = 86400) -> str:
    session_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
    key = f"session:{session_id}"
    pipe = r.pipeline(transaction=True)
    pipe.hset(key, mapping={
        "user_id": user_id,
        "created_at": int(time.time()),
    })
    pipe.expire(key, ttl)
    pipe.execute()
    return session_id

def get_session(session_id: str) -> dict | None:
    data = r.hgetall(f"session:{session_id}")
    return data if data else None

def delete_session(session_id: str):
    r.delete(f"session:{session_id}")

Rate Limiting

Fixed Window (Simple)

def is_rate_limited(user_id: int, limit: int = 100, window: int = 60) -> bool:
    key = f"ratelimit:{user_id}:{int(time.time()) // window}"
    pipe = r.pipeline(transaction=True)
    pipe.incr(key)
    pipe.expire(key, window)
    count, _ = pipe.execute()
    return count > limit

Sliding Window (Lua — Atomic)

-- sliding_window.lua
local key = KEYS[1]
local now = tonumber(ARGV[1])
local window = tonumber(ARGV[2])
local limit = tonumber(ARGV[3])

redis.call('ZREMRANGEBYSCORE', key, 0, now - window)
local count = redis.call('ZCARD', key)

if count < limit then
    -- Use unique member (now + sequence) to avoid collisions within the same millisecond
    local seq_key = key .. ':seq'
    local seq = redis.call('INCR', seq_key)
    redis.call('EXPIRE', seq_key, math.ceil(window / 1000))
    redis.call('ZADD', key, now, now .. '-' .. seq)
    redis.call('EXPIRE', key, math.ceil(window / 1000))
    return 1
end
return 0

sliding_window = r.register_script(open('sliding_window.lua').read())

def allow_request(user_id: int) -> bool:
    key = f"ratelimit:sliding:{user_id}"
    now = int(time.time() * 1000)
    return bool(sliding_window(keys=[key], args=[now, 60000, 100]))

Distributed Locks

Distributed Lock (Single Node — SET NX PX)

import uuid

def acquire_lock(resource: str, ttl_ms: int = 5000) -> str | None:
    lock_key = f"lock:{resource}"
    token = str(uuid.uuid4())
    acquired = r.set(lock_key, token, px=ttl_ms, nx=True)
    return token if acquired else None

def release_lock(resource: str, token: str) -> bool:
    release_script = """
    if redis.call('get', KEYS[1]) == ARGV[1] then
        return redis.call('del', KEYS[1])
    else
        return 0
    end
    """
    result = r.eval(release_script, 1, f"lock:{resource}", token)
    return bool(result)

# Usage
token = acquire_lock("order:payment:123")
if token:
    try:
        process_payment()
    finally:
        release_lock("order:payment:123", token)

For multi-node setups use the redlock-py library which implements the full Redlock algorithm.

Pub/Sub & Streams

Pub/Sub (Fire-and-Forget)

# Publisher
def publish_event(channel: str, payload: dict):
    r.publish(channel, json.dumps(payload))

# Subscriber (blocking — run in separate thread/process)
def subscribe_events(channel: str):
    pubsub = r.pubsub()
    pubsub.subscribe(channel)
    for message in pubsub.listen():
        if message['type'] == 'message':
            handle(json.loads(message['data']))

Redis Streams (Durable Queue)

# Producer
def emit(stream: str, event: dict):
    r.xadd(stream, event, maxlen=10000)  # Cap stream length

# Consumer group — guarantees at-least-once delivery
try:
    r.xgroup_create('events:orders', 'processor', id='0', mkstream=True)
except Exception:
    pass  # Group already exists

def consume(stream: str, group: str, consumer: str):
    while True:
        messages = r.xreadgroup(group, consumer, {stream: '>'}, count=10, block=2000)
        for _, entries in (messages or []):
            for msg_id, data in entries:
                process(data)
                r.xack(stream, group, msg_id)

Prefer Streams over Pub/Sub when you need delivery guarantees, consumer groups, or replay.

Key Design

Naming Conventions

# Pattern: resource:id:field
user:123:profile
order:456:status
cache:product:789

# Pattern: namespace:resource:id
myapp:session:abc123
myapp:ratelimit:user:123

# Pattern: resource:date (time-bound keys)
stats:pageviews:2024-01-01

TTL Strategy

| Data Type | Suggested TTL | |-----------|--------------| | User session | 24h (86400) | | API response cache | 5–15 min | | Rate limit window | Match window size | | Short-lived tokens | 5–10 min | | Leaderboard | 1h–24h | | Static/reference data | 1h–1 week |

Always set a TTL. Keys without TTL accumulate indefinitely and cause memory pressure.

Connection Management

Connection Pooling

from redis import ConnectionPool, Redis

pool = ConnectionPool(
    host='localhost',
    port=6379,
    db=0,
    max_connections=20,
    decode_responses=True,
    socket_connect_timeout=2,
    socket_timeout=2,
)

r = Redis(connection_pool=pool)

Cluster Mode

from redis.cluster import RedisCluster

r = RedisCluster(
    startup_nodes=[{"host": "redis-1", "port": 6379}],
    decode_responses=True,
    skip_full_coverage_check=True,
)

Sentinel (High Availability)

from redis.sentinel import Sentinel

sentinel = Sentinel(
    [('sentinel-1', 26379), ('sentinel-2', 26379)],
    socket_timeout=0.5,
)
master = sentinel.master_for('mymaster', decode_responses=True)
replica = sentinel.slave_for('mymaster', decode_responses=True)

Eviction Policies

| Policy | Behavior | Best For | |--------|----------|----------| | noeviction | Error on write when full | Queues / critical data | | allkeys-lru | Evict least recently used | General cache | | volatile-lru | LRU only among keys with TTL | Mixed data store | | allkeys-lfu | Evict least frequently used | Skewed access patterns | | volatile-ttl | Evict soonest-to-expire | Prioritize long-lived data |

Set via redis.conf: maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru

Anti-Patterns

| Anti-Pattern | Problem | Fix | |---|---|---| | Keys with no TTL | Memory grows unbounded | Always set TTL | | KEYS * in production | Blocks the server (O(N)) | Use SCAN cursor | | Storing large blobs (>100KB) | Slow serialization, memory pressure | Store reference + fetch from object store | | Single Redis for everything | No isolation between cache & queue | Use separate DBs or instances | | Ignoring connection pool limits | Connection exhaustion under load | Size pool to workload | | Not handling cache miss stampede | Thundering herd on cold start | Use locks or probabilistic early expiry | | FLUSHALL without thought | Wipes entire instance | Scope deletes by key pattern |

Cache Miss Stampede Prevention

import threading

_locks: dict[str, threading.Lock] = {}
_locks_mutex = threading.Lock()

def get_with_lock(key: str, fetch_fn, ttl: int = 300):
    cached = r.get(key)
    if cached:
        return json.loads(cached)

    with _locks_mutex:
        if key not in _locks:
            _locks[key] = threading.Lock()
        lock = _locks[key]
    with lock:
        cached = r.get(key)  # Re-check after acquiring lock
        if cached:
            return json.loads(cached)
        value = fetch_fn()
        r.setex(key, ttl, json.dumps(value))
        return value

Note: for multi-process deployments, replace the in-process lock with acquire_lock/release_lock from the Distributed Locks section above.

Examples

Add caching to a Django/Flask API endpoint: Use cache-aside with setex and a 5-minute TTL on the response. Key on the request parameters.

Rate-limit an API by user: Use fixed-window with pipeline(transaction=True) for low-traffic endpoints; use sliding-window Lua for accurate per-user throttling.

Coordinate a background job across workers: Use acquire_lock with a TTL that exceeds the expected job duration. Always release in a finally block.

Fan-out notifications to multiple subscribers: Use Pub/Sub for fire-and-forget. Switch to Streams if you need guaranteed delivery or replay for late consumers.

Quick Reference

| Pattern | When to Use | |---------|-------------| | Cache-aside | Read-heavy, tolerate slight staleness | | Write-through | Strong consistency required | | Distributed lock | Prevent concurrent access to a resource | | Sliding window rate limit | Accurate per-user throttling | | Redis Streams | Durable event queue with consumer groups | | Pub/Sub | Broadcast with no delivery guarantees needed | | Sorted Set leaderboard | Ranked scoring, pagination | | HyperLogLog | Approximate unique count at low memory |

Related

• Skill: postgres-patterns — relational data patterns
• Skill: backend-patterns — API and service layer patterns
• Skill: database-migrations — schema versioning
• Skill: django-patterns — Django cache framework integration
• Agent: database-reviewer — full database review workflow