szeyu/biology-tutor

Biology Subject Expert

Specialized knowledge for biology studying, concept explanation, and note creation.

Topic Coverage

mindmap
  root((Biology))
    Cell Biology
      Cell Structure
      Organelles
      Cell Division
      Cellular Respiration
    Genetics
      DNA & RNA
      Protein Synthesis
      Inheritance
      Mutations
    Ecology
      Ecosystems
      Food Webs
      Biogeochemical Cycles
      Population Dynamics
    Evolution
      Natural Selection
      Speciation
      Evidence
      Phylogeny
    Human Biology
      Organ Systems
      Homeostasis
      Immunity

---

Diagram Patterns

Cell Diagram (ASCII)

    ┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
    │           Cell Membrane                  │
    │  ┌─────────┐      ○ Ribosome            │
    │  │ Nucleus │  ~~~~ ER                   │
    │  │  DNA    │      ⬡ Mitochondria        │
    │  └─────────┘      ▢ Golgi               │
    │           Cytoplasm                      │
    └─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Process Diagram (Mermaid)

flowchart LR
    A[DNA] -->|Transcription| B[mRNA]
    B -->|Translation| C[Protein]

---

Key Processes

Cellular Respiration

$$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$$

| Stage | Location | ATP Yield | |-------|----------|-----------| | Glycolysis | Cytoplasm | 2 ATP | | Krebs Cycle | Mitochondria matrix | 2 ATP | | ETC | Mitochondria membrane | 32-34 ATP |

Photosynthesis

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Light \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$$

| Stage | Location | Products | |-------|----------|----------| | Light Reactions | Thylakoid | ATP, NADPH, O₂ | | Calvin Cycle | Stroma | Glucose |

DNA Replication

flowchart TB
    A[DNA Helicase unwinds] --> B[Primase adds primers]
    B --> C[DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides]
    C --> D[Ligase joins fragments]

---

Genetics Quick Reference

Punnett Square Pattern

        A       a
    ┌───────┬───────┐
  A │  AA   │  Aa   │
    ├───────┼───────┤
  a │  Aa   │  aa   │
    └───────┴───────┘

Inheritance Patterns

| Pattern | Description | |---------|-------------| | Dominant | One allele masks the other | | Recessive | Only expressed when homozygous | | Codominant | Both alleles fully expressed | | Incomplete | Blended phenotype | | Sex-linked | Gene on X or Y chromosome |

---

Classification

Domain → Species

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

Mnemonic: "Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup"

Three Domains

| Domain | Cell Type | Examples | |--------|-----------|----------| | Bacteria | Prokaryote | E. coli | | Archaea | Prokaryote | Methanogens | | Eukarya | Eukaryote | Plants, Animals, Fungi |

---

Ecology Concepts

Trophic Levels

flowchart TB
    A[Producers] --> B[Primary Consumers]
    B --> C[Secondary Consumers]
    C --> D[Tertiary Consumers]
    D --> E[Decomposers]
    E --> A

Energy Rule

Only ~10% of energy transfers between trophic levels.