sitapix/txt-appkit-vs-uikit

AppKit vs UIKit Text Capabilities

Authored against iOS 26.x / macOS 26.x / Swift 6.x / Xcode 26.x.

This skill is a capability comparison between NSTextView and UITextView. The differences below are real, but the framework boundaries shift over releases — TextKit 2 is now the default on both, Writing Tools shipped on both, find/replace shipped on both. Before declaring a feature "AppKit-only" or "UIKit-only" for production code, verify against the current SDK rather than this skill alone; check Sosumi for the latest API set on both sides.

A capability gap is one of three things. Architectural — the platform genuinely lacks the concept (Services menu has no iOS analogue; UITextInteraction has no AppKit analogue). API-level — the feature exists on both sides but the entry point differs (find/replace via UIFindInteraction vs NSTextFinder). Stack-level — both views have the feature but only with the right TextKit version (Writing Tools requires TextKit 2 on both). Naming the kind of gap is what determines whether porting is a wrapper job, an API translation, or a real reimplementation.

Contents

• AppKit-only capabilities
• UIKit-only capabilities
• Architectural differences
• Writing Tools across the platforms
• Fallback detection
• Cross-platform feature parity
• Common mistakes when porting
• References

AppKit-only capabilities

Several NSTextView features have no UITextView counterpart and likely never will, because they describe macOS-specific concepts.

Built-in formatting panels. usesFontPanel, usesRuler / isRulerVisible, orderFrontLinkPanel:, orderFrontListPanel:, orderFrontTablePanel:, orderFrontSpacingPanel:, orderFrontSubstitutionsPanel:. These wire NSTextView into the system Font, Ruler, and substitutions panels. iOS has no system panels for these — UIKit apps build the equivalent UI themselves.

Text tables. NSTextTable and NSTextTableBlock provide row/column-spanning tabular layout inside a single text view, with per-cell borders, backgrounds, and padding. The full path goes through paragraph styles:

let table = NSTextTable()
table.numberOfColumns = 3

let cell = NSTextTableBlock(table: table, startingRow: 0,
                            rowSpan: 1, startingColumn: 0, columnSpan: 1)
cell.backgroundColor = .lightGray
cell.setWidth(1.0, type: .absoluteValueType, for: .border)

let style = NSMutableParagraphStyle()
style.textBlocks = [cell]

UIKit has no equivalent. Note that NSTextTable is a TextKit 1 feature and using it triggers TextKit 1 fallback on NSTextView.

Grammar checking and text completion. isGrammarCheckingEnabled, toggleGrammarChecking(_:), complete(_:), isAutomaticTextCompletionEnabled, plus the completions(forPartialWordRange:indexOfSelectedItem:) override. UIKit has no grammar API and no built-in completion infrastructure — text completion has to be built on top of UITextInput with custom overlay views.

Spell-checking granular control. setSpellingState(_:range:) to mark specific ranges as misspelled, spellCheckerDocumentTag() for document-tag management, isContinuousSpellCheckingEnabled toggle. UIKit exposes only spellCheckingType: .yes/.no/.default — no per-range marking, no document tag.

Smart substitutions as individual toggles. AppKit has separate properties for smart quotes, smart dashes, text replacement, auto-spelling correction, link detection, and data detection (isAutomaticQuoteSubstitutionEnabled, etc.) plus a Substitutions Panel for user configuration. UIKit collapses these into a few UITextInputTraits enum properties (smartQuotesType, smartDashesType, autocorrectionType).

Services menu integration. NSTextView automatically conforms to NSServicesMenuRequestor, so its selected text appears in macOS Services menu items ("Look Up in Dictionary," third-party services, etc.). For custom views, override validRequestor(forSendType:returnType:). iOS has no Services concept.

Field editor. A single shared NSTextView per window edits all NSTextField instances. Memory-efficient and consistent, but with sharp edges — touching layoutManager on one field's editor flips all fields in the window to TextKit 1. UIKit has no field editor; each UITextField manages its own editing state.

NSText heritage. NSTextView inherits from NSText, which gives it direct RTF/RTFD I/O (rtf(from:), rtfd(from:), replaceCharacters(in:withRTF:), writeRTFD(toFile:atomically:)), font/ruler pasteboards (copyFont(_:), pasteFont(_:), copyRuler(_:), pasteRuler(_:)), and speech (startSpeaking(_:), stopSpeaking(_:)). UIKit has none of these — RTF requires manual NSAttributedString initialization with format options, and speech goes through AVSpeechSynthesizer.

Print support. printView(_:) via the NSView print system. A subtle Dark Mode pitfall: printView(nil) renders with current appearance, so a Dark Mode app prints white text on white paper. Workaround: create an off-screen NSTextView sharing the same NSTextStorage, set its appearance to NSAppearance(named: .aqua), print from that. UIKit's print system uses UIPrintInteractionController with UISimpleTextPrintFormatter for simple cases or a UIPrintPageRenderer subclass for custom layout.

UIKit-only capabilities

Some UITextView features have no NSTextView counterpart, mostly because they describe touch-first or post-iOS-17 interaction patterns.

Declarative data detection. UITextView.dataDetectorTypes is a single options set covering links, phone numbers, addresses, calendar events, shipment tracking, and flight numbers. Detection is automatic when isEditable = false. AppKit has the toggles isAutomaticLinkDetectionEnabled and isAutomaticDataDetectionEnabled, but the granular type set isn't exposed and detection has to be triggered via checkTextInDocument:.

UITextInteraction. A modular interaction object that adds system text gestures (cursor movement, selection handles, magnification) to any UIView conforming to UITextInput. There is no AppKit equivalent — NSTextView's gestures are built into the view and can't be extracted onto another view.

UITextItem interactions (iOS 17+). textView(_:primaryActionFor:defaultAction:) and textView(_:menuConfigurationFor:defaultMenu:) provide rich interaction with links, attachments, and tagged ranges, including custom actions and context menus. Arbitrary ranges can be tagged with NSAttributedString.Key.uiTextItemTag. AppKit has only textView(_:clickedOnLink:at:) — much narrower.

UITextSelectionDisplayInteraction (iOS 17+). System selection UI (cursor, handles, highlights) attached to a custom view. AppKit gained NSTextInsertionIndicator on macOS Sonoma for cursor display, but nothing comparable for full selection UI.

UITextLoupeSession (iOS 17+). The magnifying-loupe presentation during text selection, exposed as a session API for custom views. macOS doesn't use a loupe for text selection — no equivalent exists.

Architectural differences

A handful of structural differences shape every cross-platform editor:

Inheritance. AppKit: NSObject → NSResponder → NSView → NSText → NSTextView. UIKit: NSObject → UIResponder → UIView → UIScrollView → UITextView. AppKit's NSText base class carries RTF, font panel, ruler, speech, and field-editor concepts. UIKit's text view inherits scrolling but has no text-specific base class.

Scrolling. UITextView is a UIScrollView. It's always scrollable; set isScrollEnabled = false to disable. NSTextView is not a scroll view — it must be embedded in an NSScrollView, usually via NSTextView.scrollableTextView() which constructs the pair. This affects every wrapper, every layout, and every keyboard avoidance strategy.

Text storage access. UITextView.textStorage is a non-optional NSTextStorage. NSTextView.textStorage is NSTextStorage? — optional. Reading attributed text is attributedText on UIKit (a property), attributedString() on AppKit (a method). The optionality difference matters for porting: AppKit code has to handle nil storage (rare, but possible during teardown).

Selection. UITextView.selectedRange is a single NSRange. NSTextView.selectedRanges is [NSValue] (an array of NSRange boxed in NSValue) because AppKit supports discontiguous selection.

Delegate richness. NSTextViewDelegate has more callbacks than UITextViewDelegate: modify selection during change, intercept link clicks (with custom handling for non-URL link types), customize drag operations, control tooltip display, handle completions. UIKit's delegate is minimal; iOS 17's UITextItem interactions narrowed the gap but didn't close it.

Writing Tools across the platforms

Both platforms support Writing Tools as of iOS 18 / macOS 15. The system view API is parallel (writingToolsBehavior, writingToolsAllowedInputOptions, isWritingToolsActive, matching delegate methods). Both require TextKit 2 for the inline experience.

The differences appear in custom text engines (views that don't inherit from UITextView / NSTextView):

| Aspect | UIKit | AppKit | |--------|-------|--------| | Coordinator class | UIWritingToolsCoordinator | NSWritingToolsCoordinator | | Attachment | view.addInteraction(coordinator) | view.writingToolsCoordinator = coordinator | | Preview type | UITargetedPreview | NSTextPreview | | Path type | [UIBezierPath] | [NSBezierPath] | | Menu integration | Automatic via UITextInteraction | Requires NSServicesMenuRequestor adoption |

macOS 26 added automaticallyInsertsWritingToolsItems (default true), .writingToolsItems for standard menu items, and a stock NSToolbarItem for toolbar integration. The iOS side has had Writing Tools-as-default behavior since iOS 18.

For stock views on either platform, attaching Writing Tools is one property assignment. For custom views, the work is parallel but the types are different — port carefully.

Fallback detection

Both platforms can fall back from TextKit 2 to TextKit 1 silently when an API access flips the view. Detection differs:

• UIKit: check textView.textLayoutManager == nil. If nil, the view has fallen back. Set a symbolic breakpoint on _UITextViewEnablingCompatibilityMode to catch the moment it happens.
• AppKit: same check (textLayoutManager == nil), plus subscription notifications: NSTextView.willSwitchToNSLayoutManagerNotification and NSTextView.didSwitchToNSLayoutManagerNotification. AppKit also logs the switch to the system console.

The fallback is permanent for that view instance. Recovery means creating a new view and copying the content. AppKit's notifications are useful for instrumentation; UIKit's symbolic breakpoint is useful for hunting the offending API call.

Cross-platform feature parity

When porting and you need to decide whether a feature is feasible on the target platform:

| Need | Platform | |------|----------| | Text tables | AppKit only | | Grammar checking API | AppKit only | | Text completion API | AppKit only | | Services menu | AppKit only (concept doesn't exist on iOS) | | Font panel integration | AppKit only | | Interactive ruler | AppKit only | | Direct RTF/RTFD file I/O | AppKit only (NSText heritage) | | Find / replace | Both (NSTextFinder / UIFindInteraction) | | Declarative dataDetectorTypes | UIKit cleaner | | Modular text interaction (UITextInteraction) | UIKit only | | Text item context menus | UIKit only (iOS 17+) | | Selection display component | UIKit only (UITextSelectionDisplayInteraction) | | Magnifying loupe | UIKit only | | Multi-page / multi-column | AppKit better (TextKit 1, ruled out for TK2 features) | | Built-in scrolling | UIKit (UITextView IS a UIScrollView) | | Writing Tools (stock view) | Both | | Writing Tools (custom view) | Both, with different coordinator types |

Common mistakes when porting

1. Assuming NSTextView scrolls itself. It doesn't. NSTextView must live inside an NSScrollView. The convenience NSTextView.scrollableTextView() returns the pair correctly. Code that ports UITextView's "set frame and add to view hierarchy" pattern straight across will produce a non-scrolling text view that clips its content.

2. Touching shared field-editor properties. On macOS, NSTextField shares one NSTextView per window as its field editor. Setting properties on the field editor leaks across all fields. Customize per-field via textShouldBeginEditing(_:) (set the property) and textShouldEndEditing(_:) (restore it), or via windowWillReturnFieldEditor(_:to:) to provide a per-field editor instance. And: touching layoutManager on a field editor flips all fields in the window to TextKit 1.

3. Treating tintColor as a cross-platform cursor color. UIKit's tintColor controls cursor color and selection accent. AppKit splits these: cursor is insertionPointColor, selection background is selectedTextAttributes[.backgroundColor]. They are not unified — port carefully or the AppKit cursor stays the default color.

4. Expecting UITextDragInteraction to have an AppKit equivalent. AppKit drag-and-drop uses NSDraggingSource / NSDraggingDestination adopted by the view itself, not a separate interaction object. Porting drag code is a real reimplementation.

5. Forgetting AppKit menu validation. validateMenuItem(_:) and validateUserInterfaceItem(_:) must be implemented for context-menu items to enable/disable correctly. UIKit's UIEditMenuInteraction infers state automatically. AppKit menus that "always show all items enabled" are usually missing the validation methods.

6. Assuming NSTextView delegate methods always run on the main thread. Pasteboard read/write callbacks (textView(_:writeSelectionTo:type:), etc.) can fire on background threads during drag-and-drop or copy operations. Background-thread mutation of TextKit objects causes the same sporadic crashes there as anywhere else. UIKit dispatches consistently on the main thread.

7. Auditing only the TextKit 2 surface when porting. Both platforms inherited the full TextKit 1 surface. A port that only checks NSTextLayoutManager features can miss NSTextTable, NSLayoutManager glyph access, or temporary attributes that the original code depended on. Audit both stacks against the requirement set.

References

• /skill txt-view-picker — choosing among SwiftUI / UIKit / AppKit text views
• /skill txt-wrap-textview — wrapping UITextView / NSTextView in SwiftUI
• /skill txt-writing-tools — Writing Tools coordinator details
• /skill txt-fallback-triggers — TextKit 1 fallback on either platform
• UITextView
• NSTextView
• NSText
• UITextInteraction
• UIFindInteraction
• NSTextFinder
• UIWritingToolsCoordinator
• NSWritingToolsCoordinator