samchang72/nodejs-best-practices

Node.js Best Practices

Principles and decision-making for Node.js development in 2025. Learn to THINK, not memorize code patterns.

---

⚠️ How to Use This Skill

This skill teaches decision-making principles, not fixed code to copy.

• ASK user for preferences when unclear
• Choose framework/pattern based on CONTEXT
• Don't default to same solution every time

---

1. Framework Selection (2025)

Decision Tree

What are you building?
│
├── Edge/Serverless (Cloudflare, Vercel)
│   └── Hono (zero-dependency, ultra-fast cold starts)
│
├── High Performance API
│   └── Fastify (2-3x faster than Express)
│
├── Enterprise/Team familiarity
│   └── NestJS (structured, DI, decorators)
│
├── Legacy/Stable/Maximum ecosystem
│   └── Express (mature, most middleware)
│
└── Full-stack with frontend
    └── Next.js API Routes or tRPC

Comparison Principles

| Factor | Hono | Fastify | Express | |--------|------|---------|---------| | Best for | Edge, serverless | Performance | Legacy, learning | | Cold start | Fastest | Fast | Moderate | | Ecosystem | Growing | Good | Largest | | TypeScript | Native | Excellent | Good | | Learning curve | Low | Medium | Low |

Selection Questions to Ask:

1. What's the deployment target?
2. Is cold start time critical?
3. Does team have existing experience?
4. Is there legacy code to maintain?

---

2. Runtime Considerations (2025)

Native TypeScript

Node.js 22+: --experimental-strip-types
├── Run .ts files directly
├── No build step needed for simple projects
└── Consider for: scripts, simple APIs

Module System Decision

ESM (import/export)
├── Modern standard
├── Better tree-shaking
├── Async module loading
└── Use for: new projects

CommonJS (require)
├── Legacy compatibility
├── More npm packages support
└── Use for: existing codebases, some edge cases

Runtime Selection

| Runtime | Best For | |---------|----------| | Node.js | General purpose, largest ecosystem | | Bun | Performance, built-in bundler | | Deno | Security-first, built-in TypeScript |

---

3. Architecture Principles

Layered Structure Concept

Request Flow:
│
├── Controller/Route Layer
│   ├── Handles HTTP specifics
│   ├── Input validation at boundary
│   └── Calls service layer
│
├── Service Layer
│   ├── Business logic
│   ├── Framework-agnostic
│   └── Calls repository layer
│
└── Repository Layer
    ├── Data access only
    ├── Database queries
    └── ORM interactions

Why This Matters:

• Testability: Mock layers independently
• Flexibility: Swap database without touching business logic
• Clarity: Each layer has single responsibility

When to Simplify:

• Small scripts → Single file OK
• Prototypes → Less structure acceptable
• Always ask: "Will this grow?"

---

4. Error Handling Principles

Centralized Error Handling

Pattern:
├── Create custom error classes
├── Throw from any layer
├── Catch at top level (middleware)
└── Format consistent response

Error Response Philosophy

Client gets:
├── Appropriate HTTP status
├── Error code for programmatic handling
├── User-friendly message
└── NO internal details (security!)

Logs get:
├── Full stack trace
├── Request context
├── User ID (if applicable)
└── Timestamp

Status Code Selection

| Situation | Status | When | |-----------|--------|------| | Bad input | 400 | Client sent invalid data | | No auth | 401 | Missing or invalid credentials | | No permission | 403 | Valid auth, but not allowed | | Not found | 404 | Resource doesn't exist | | Conflict | 409 | Duplicate or state conflict | | Validation | 422 | Schema valid but business rules fail | | Server error | 500 | Our fault, log everything |

---

5. Async Patterns Principles

When to Use Each

| Pattern | Use When | |---------|----------| | async/await | Sequential async operations | | Promise.all | Parallel independent operations | | Promise.allSettled | Parallel where some can fail | | Promise.race | Timeout or first response wins |

Event Loop Awareness

I/O-bound (async helps):
├── Database queries
├── HTTP requests
├── File system
└── Network operations

CPU-bound (async doesn't help):
├── Crypto operations
├── Image processing
├── Complex calculations
└── → Use worker threads or offload

Avoiding Event Loop Blocking

• Never use sync methods in production (fs.readFileSync, etc.)
• Offload CPU-intensive work
• Use streaming for large data

---

6. Validation Principles

Validate at Boundaries

Where to validate:
├── API entry point (request body/params)
├── Before database operations
├── External data (API responses, file uploads)
└── Environment variables (startup)

Validation Library Selection

| Library | Best For | |---------|----------| | Zod | TypeScript first, inference | | Valibot | Smaller bundle (tree-shakeable) | | ArkType | Performance critical | | Yup | Existing React Form usage |

Validation Philosophy

• Fail fast: Validate early
• Be specific: Clear error messages
• Don't trust: Even "internal" data

---

7. Security Principles

Security Checklist (Not Code)

• [ ] Input validation: All inputs validated
• [ ] Parameterized queries: No string concatenation for SQL
• [ ] Password hashing: bcrypt or argon2
• [ ] JWT verification: Always verify signature and expiry
• [ ] Rate limiting: Protect from abuse
• [ ] Security headers: Helmet.js or equivalent
• [ ] HTTPS: Everywhere in production
• [ ] CORS: Properly configured
• [ ] Secrets: Environment variables only
• [ ] Dependencies: Regularly audited

Security Mindset

Trust nothing:
├── Query params → validate
├── Request body → validate
├── Headers → verify
├── Cookies → validate
├── File uploads → scan
└── External APIs → validate response

---

8. Testing Principles

Test Strategy Selection

| Type | Purpose | Tools | |------|---------|-------| | Unit | Business logic | node:test, Vitest | | Integration | API endpoints | Supertest | | E2E | Full flows | Playwright |

What to Test (Priorities)

1. Critical paths: Auth, payments, core business
2. Edge cases: Empty inputs, boundaries
3. Error handling: What happens when things fail?
4. Not worth testing: Framework code, trivial getters

Built-in Test Runner (Node.js 22+)

node --test src/**/*.test.ts
├── No external dependency
├── Good coverage reporting
└── Watch mode available

---

10. Anti-Patterns to Avoid

❌ DON'T:

• Use Express for new edge projects (use Hono)
• Use sync methods in production code
• Put business logic in controllers
• Skip input validation
• Hardcode secrets
• Trust external data without validation
• Block event loop with CPU work

✅ DO:

• Choose framework based on context
• Ask user for preferences when unclear
• Use layered architecture for growing projects
• Validate all inputs
• Use environment variables for secrets
• Profile before optimizing

---

11. Decision Checklist

Before implementing:

• [ ] Asked user about stack preference?
• [ ] Chosen framework for THIS context? (not just default)
• [ ] Considered deployment target?
• [ ] Planned error handling strategy?
• [ ] Identified validation points?
• [ ] Considered security requirements?

---

Remember: Node.js best practices are about decision-making, not memorizing patterns. Every project deserves fresh consideration based on its requirements.