render-oss/render-private-services

Render Private Services

Private services are identical to web services except they have no public URL. They are reachable only by other Render services on the same private network (same region + workspace). Use them for internal APIs, microservices, gRPC servers, sidecar processes, and anything that should never face the internet.

When to Use

• Building an internal API or microservice behind a public gateway
• Running a gRPC, TCP, or other non-HTTP server that only your services call
• Deploying infrastructure components (Elasticsearch, ClickHouse, RabbitMQ)
• Choosing between a private service and a background worker

For public-facing HTTP services, use render-web-services. For services that don't receive any traffic, use render-background-workers.

Private Service vs Background Worker

| Criterion | Private Service | Background Worker | |-----------|----------------|-------------------| | Binds to a port | Yes (required) | No | | Receives private network traffic | Yes | No | | Sends outbound traffic | Yes | Yes | | Has internal hostname | Yes | No | | Use case | Internal APIs, gRPC, TCP servers | Queue consumers, async processors |

Rule of thumb: If the process listens on a port and other services call it, it's a private service. If it pulls work from a queue and never receives requests, it's a background worker.

How Private Services Work

• No onrender.com subdomain—not reachable from the internet
• Reachable at <service-name>:<port> on the private network by services in the same region and workspace
• Can listen on any port (except restricted system ports)—not limited to HTTP or port 10000
• Supports any protocol: HTTP, gRPC, TCP, WebSocket, custom binary protocols
• Same build/deploy lifecycle as web services (build command, start command, pre-deploy, health checks via the private network)
• Supports persistent disks, scaling, Docker runtime—same capabilities as web services

Connecting to a Private Service

Other services reference a private service via its internal hostname and port:

http://<service-name>:<port>

In Blueprints, wire the address using fromService:

- key: INTERNAL_API_URL
  fromService:
    name: my-api
    type: pserv
    property: hostport

Available fromService properties for pserv:

| Property | Value | |----------|-------| | host | Internal hostname (e.g. my-api) | | port | Port the service listens on | | hostport | host:port combined (e.g. my-api:10000) |

You can also reference a specific env var from the private service using envVarKey instead of property.

Port Binding

Private services must bind to at least one port. If your process does not need to receive traffic, create a background worker instead.

• Bind to 0.0.0.0 (not 127.0.0.1 or localhost)
• The PORT env var defaults to 10000, but you can listen on any non-restricted port
• For non-HTTP protocols (gRPC, TCP), configure your server on the desired port and tell consumers the hostport

Blueprint Configuration

services:
  - type: pserv
    name: internal-api
    runtime: node
    region: oregon
    plan: starter
    buildCommand: npm ci && npm run build
    startCommand: npm start
    envVars:
      - key: DATABASE_URL
        fromDatabase:
          name: db
          property: connectionString

Microservices pattern (gateway + internal services)

services:
  - type: web
    name: gateway
    runtime: node
    plan: starter
    region: oregon
    buildCommand: npm ci && npm run build
    startCommand: npm start
    envVars:
      - key: USER_SERVICE_URL
        fromService:
          name: user-service
          type: pserv
          property: hostport
      - key: BILLING_SERVICE_URL
        fromService:
          name: billing-service
          type: pserv
          property: hostport

  - type: pserv
    name: user-service
    runtime: node
    plan: starter
    region: oregon
    buildCommand: npm ci
    startCommand: node server.js
    envVars:
      - key: DATABASE_URL
        fromDatabase:
          name: db
          property: connectionString

  - type: pserv
    name: billing-service
    runtime: python
    plan: starter
    region: oregon
    buildCommand: pip install -r requirements.txt
    startCommand: gunicorn billing:app
    envVars:
      - key: DATABASE_URL
        fromDatabase:
          name: db
          property: connectionString

References

| Document | Contents | |----------|----------| | references/patterns.md | Microservice topology, gRPC setup, sidecar patterns, health checks for private services |

Related Skills

• render-web-services — Public HTTP services
• render-networking — Private network, DNS, service discovery
• render-background-workers — Services that don't receive traffic
• render-blueprints — Full render.yaml schema, fromService wiring
• render-scaling — Instance types and autoscaling for private services