lidge-jun/cost-aware-llm-pipeline

Cost-Aware LLM Pipeline

Patterns for controlling LLM API costs while maintaining quality. Combines model routing, budget tracking, retry logic, and prompt caching into a composable pipeline.

When to Activate

• Building applications that call LLM APIs (Claude, GPT, etc.)
• Processing batches of items with varying complexity
• Need to stay within a budget for API spend
• Optimizing cost without sacrificing quality on complex tasks

Core Concepts

1. Model Routing by Task Complexity

Automatically select cheaper models for simple tasks, reserving expensive models for complex ones.

MODEL_SONNET = "claude-sonnet-4-6"
MODEL_HAIKU = "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001"

_SONNET_TEXT_THRESHOLD = 10_000  # chars
_SONNET_ITEM_THRESHOLD = 30     # items

def select_model(
    text_length: int,
    item_count: int,
    force_model: str | None = None,
) -> str:
    """Select model based on task complexity."""
    if force_model is not None:
        return force_model
    if text_length >= _SONNET_TEXT_THRESHOLD or item_count >= _SONNET_ITEM_THRESHOLD:
        return MODEL_SONNET  # Complex task
    return MODEL_HAIKU  # Simple task (3-4x cheaper)

2. Immutable Cost Tracking

Track cumulative spend with frozen dataclasses. Each API call returns a new tracker — never mutates state.

from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
class CostRecord:
    model: str
    input_tokens: int
    output_tokens: int
    cost_usd: float

@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
class CostTracker:
    budget_limit: float = 1.00
    records: tuple[CostRecord, ...] = ()

    def add(self, record: CostRecord) -> "CostTracker":
        """Return new tracker with added record (never mutates self)."""
        return CostTracker(
            budget_limit=self.budget_limit,
            records=(*self.records, record),
        )

    @property
    def total_cost(self) -> float:
        return sum(r.cost_usd for r in self.records)

    @property
    def over_budget(self) -> bool:
        return self.total_cost > self.budget_limit

3. Narrow Retry Logic

Retry only on transient errors. Fail fast on authentication or bad request errors.

from anthropic import (
    APIConnectionError,
    InternalServerError,
    RateLimitError,
)

_RETRYABLE_ERRORS = (APIConnectionError, RateLimitError, InternalServerError)
_MAX_RETRIES = 3

def call_with_retry(func, *, max_retries: int = _MAX_RETRIES):
    """Retry only on transient errors, fail fast on others."""
    for attempt in range(max_retries):
        try:
            return func()
        except _RETRYABLE_ERRORS:
            if attempt == max_retries - 1:
                raise
            time.sleep(2 ** attempt)  # Exponential backoff
    # AuthenticationError, BadRequestError etc. → raise immediately

4. Prompt Caching

Cache long system prompts to avoid resending them on every request.

messages = [
    {
        "role": "user",
        "content": [
            {
                "type": "text",
                "text": system_prompt,
                "cache_control": {"type": "ephemeral"},  # Cache this
            },
            {
                "type": "text",
                "text": user_input,  # Variable part
            },
        ],
    }
]

Composition

Combine all four techniques in a single pipeline function:

def process(text: str, config: Config, tracker: CostTracker) -> tuple[Result, CostTracker]:
    # 1. Route model
    model = select_model(len(text), estimated_items, config.force_model)

    # 2. Check budget
    if tracker.over_budget:
        raise BudgetExceededError(tracker.total_cost, tracker.budget_limit)

    # 3. Call with retry + caching
    response = call_with_retry(lambda: client.messages.create(
        model=model,
        messages=build_cached_messages(system_prompt, text),
    ))

    # 4. Track cost (immutable)
    record = CostRecord(model=model, input_tokens=..., output_tokens=..., cost_usd=...)
    tracker = tracker.add(record)

    return parse_result(response), tracker

Pricing Reference (June 2026)

| Model | Input ($/1M tokens) | Output ($/1M tokens) | Relative Cost | |-------|---------------------|----------------------|---------------| | Haiku 4.5 | $1.00 | $5.00 | 1x | | Sonnet 4.6 | $3.00 | $15.00 | ~3x | | Opus 4.8 | $5.00 | $25.00 | ~5x |

Batch API: 50% discount on all models for async batch processing. Prompt caching: Up to 90% savings on cached input tokens (24-hour retention).

Preferred Practices

• Start with the cheapest model and route to expensive models only when complexity thresholds are met
• Set explicit budget limits before processing batches — fail early rather than overspend
• Log model selection decisions so you can tune thresholds based on real data
• Use prompt caching for system prompts over 1024 tokens — saves both cost and latency
• Retry only on transient failures (network, rate limit, server error) — let auth/validation errors surface immediately
• Keep cost tracking immutable for easier debugging and auditing
• Use model name constants or config instead of hardcoded strings throughout the codebase

When to Use

• Any application calling Claude, OpenAI, or similar LLM APIs
• Batch processing pipelines where cost adds up quickly
• Multi-model architectures that need intelligent routing
• Production systems that need budget guardrails

Advanced Patterns (2026)

Model Cascading (Cheap-First)

Start with the cheapest model; escalate only when quality is insufficient:

def cascade_call(prompt: str, quality_threshold: float = 0.8) -> tuple[str, str]:
    """Try cheap model first, escalate if quality is low."""
    result = call_model(MODEL_HAIKU, prompt)
    if evaluate_quality(result) >= quality_threshold:
        return result, MODEL_HAIKU
    return call_model(MODEL_SONNET, prompt), MODEL_SONNET

Circuit Breaker

Hard-stop when budget is exhausted — never silently overspend:

def check_circuit(tracker: CostTracker) -> None:
    """Raise immediately if budget exceeded. Check BEFORE every call."""
    if tracker.total_cost >= tracker.budget_limit:
        raise BudgetExceededError(
            f"Budget exhausted: ${tracker.total_cost:.2f} / ${tracker.budget_limit:.2f}"
        )

Semantic Caching

Cache semantically similar requests to avoid duplicate API calls:

def get_or_call(prompt: str, cache: dict, similarity_threshold: float = 0.95) -> str:
    """Return cached result for semantically similar prompts."""
    for cached_prompt, cached_result in cache.items():
        if semantic_similarity(prompt, cached_prompt) >= similarity_threshold:
            return cached_result
    result = call_model(MODEL_SONNET, prompt)
    cache[prompt] = result
    return result