langchain-ai/deep-agents-orchestration

<overview> Deep Agents include three orchestration capabilities:

1. SubAgentMiddleware: Delegate work via task tool to specialized agents
2. TodoListMiddleware: Plan and track tasks via write_todos tool
3. HumanInTheLoopMiddleware: Require approval before sensitive operations

All three are automatically included in create_deep_agent(). </overview>

---

Subagents (Task Delegation)

<when-to-use-subagents>

| Use Subagents When | Use Main Agent When | |-------------------|-------------------| | Task needs specialized tools | General-purpose tools sufficient | | Want to isolate complex work | Single-step operation | | Need clean context for main agent | Context bloat acceptable |

</when-to-use-subagents> <how-subagents-work> Main agent has `task` tool -> creates fresh subagent -> subagent executes autonomously -> returns final report.

Default subagent: "general-purpose" - automatically available with same tools/config as main agent. </how-subagents-work>

<ex-custom-subagents> <python> Create a custom "researcher" subagent with specialized tools for academic paper search.

from deepagents import create_deep_agent
from langchain.tools import tool

@tool
def search_papers(query: str) -> str:
    """Search academic papers."""
    return f"Found 10 papers about {query}"

agent = create_deep_agent(
    subagents=[
        {
            "name": "researcher",
            "description": "Conduct web research and compile findings",
            "system_prompt": "Search thoroughly, return concise summary",
            "tools": [search_papers],
        }
    ]
)

# Main agent delegates: task(agent="researcher", instruction="Research AI trends")

</python> <typescript> Create a custom "researcher" subagent with specialized tools for academic paper search.

import { createDeepAgent } from "deepagents";
import { tool } from "@langchain/core/tools";
import { z } from "zod";

const searchPapers = tool(
  async ({ query }) => `Found 10 papers about ${query}`,
  { name: "search_papers", description: "Search papers", schema: z.object({ query: z.string() }) }
);

const agent = await createDeepAgent({
  subagents: [
    {
      name: "researcher",
      description: "Conduct web research and compile findings",
      systemPrompt: "Search thoroughly, return concise summary",
      tools: [searchPapers],
    }
  ]
});

// Main agent delegates: task(agent="researcher", instruction="Research AI trends")

</typescript> </ex-custom-subagents> <ex-subagent-with-hitl> <python> Configure a subagent with HITL approval for sensitive operations.

from deepagents import create_deep_agent
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver

agent = create_deep_agent(
    subagents=[
        {
            "name": "code-deployer",
            "description": "Deploy code to production",
            "system_prompt": "You deploy code after tests pass.",
            "tools": [run_tests, deploy_to_prod],
            "interrupt_on": {"deploy_to_prod": True},  # Require approval
        }
    ],
    checkpointer=MemorySaver()  # Required for interrupts
)

</python> </ex-subagent-with-hitl> <fix-subagents-are-stateless> <python> Subagents are stateless - provide complete instructions in a single call.

# WRONG: Subagents don't remember previous calls
# task(agent='research', instruction='Find data')
# task(agent='research', instruction='What did you find?')  # Starts fresh!

# CORRECT: Complete instructions upfront
# task(agent='research', instruction='Find data on AI, save to /research/, return summary')

</python> <typescript> Subagents are stateless - provide complete instructions in a single call.

// WRONG: Subagents don't remember previous calls
// task research: Find data
// task research: What did you find?  // Starts fresh!

// CORRECT: Complete instructions upfront
// task research: Find data on AI, save to /research/, return summary

</typescript> </fix-subagents-are-stateless> <fix-custom-subagents-dont-inherit-skills> <python> Custom subagents don't inherit skills from the main agent.

# WRONG: Custom subagent won't have main agent's skills
agent = create_deep_agent(
    skills=["/main-skills/"],
    subagents=[{"name": "helper", ...}]  # No skills inherited
)

# CORRECT: Provide skills explicitly (general-purpose subagent DOES inherit)
agent = create_deep_agent(
    skills=["/main-skills/"],
    subagents=[{"name": "helper", "skills": ["/helper-skills/"], ...}]
)

</python> </fix-custom-subagents-dont-inherit-skills>

---

TodoList (Task Planning)

<when-to-use-todolist>

| Use TodoList When | Skip TodoList When | |------------------|-------------------| | Complex multi-step tasks | Simple single-action tasks | | Long-running operations | Quick operations (< 3 steps) |

</when-to-use-todolist> <todolist-tool>

write_todos(todos: list[dict]) -> None

Each todo item has:

• content: Description of the task
• status: One of "pending", "in_progress", "completed" </todolist-tool>

<ex-todolist-usage> <python> Invoke an agent that automatically creates a todo list for a multi-step task.

from deepagents import create_deep_agent

agent = create_deep_agent()  # TodoListMiddleware included by default

result = agent.invoke({
    "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Create a REST API: design models, implement CRUD, add auth, write tests"}]
}, config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "session-1"}})

# Agent's planning via write_todos:
# [
#   {"content": "Design data models", "status": "in_progress"},
#   {"content": "Implement CRUD endpoints", "status": "pending"},
#   {"content": "Add authentication", "status": "pending"},
#   {"content": "Write tests", "status": "pending"}
# ]

</python> <typescript> Invoke an agent that automatically creates a todo list for a multi-step task.

import { createDeepAgent } from "deepagents";

const agent = await createDeepAgent();  // TodoListMiddleware included

const result = await agent.invoke({
  messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Create a REST API: design models, implement CRUD, add auth, write tests" }]
}, { configurable: { thread_id: "session-1" } });

</typescript> </ex-todolist-usage> <ex-access-todo-state> <python> Access the todo list from the agent's final state after invocation.

result = agent.invoke({...}, config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "session-1"}})

# Access todo list from final state
todos = result.get("todos", [])
for todo in todos:
    print(f"[{todo['status']}] {todo['content']}")

</python> </ex-access-todo-state> <fix-todolist-requires-thread-id> <python> Todo list state requires a thread_id for persistence across invocations.

# WRONG: Fresh state each time without thread_id
agent.invoke({"messages": [...]})

# CORRECT: Use thread_id
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "user-session"}}
agent.invoke({"messages": [...]}, config=config)  # Todos preserved

</python> </fix-todolist-requires-thread-id>

---

Human-in-the-Loop (Approval Workflows)

<when-to-use-hitl>

| Use HITL When | Skip HITL When | |--------------|---------------| | High-stakes operations (DB writes, deployments) | Read-only operations | | Compliance requires human oversight | Fully automated workflows |

</when-to-use-hitl> <ex-hitl-setup> <python> Configure which tools require human approval before execution.

from deepagents import create_deep_agent
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver

agent = create_deep_agent(
    interrupt_on={
        "write_file": True,  # All decisions allowed
        "execute_sql": {"allowed_decisions": ["approve", "reject"]},
        "read_file": False,  # No interrupts
    },
    checkpointer=MemorySaver()  # REQUIRED for interrupts
)

</python> <typescript> Configure which tools require human approval before execution.

import { createDeepAgent } from "deepagents";
import { MemorySaver } from "@langchain/langgraph";

const agent = await createDeepAgent({
  interruptOn: {
    write_file: true,
    execute_sql: { allowedDecisions: ["approve", "reject"] },
    read_file: false,
  },
  checkpointer: new MemorySaver()  // REQUIRED
});

</typescript> </ex-hitl-setup> <ex-approval-workflow> <python> Complete workflow: trigger an interrupt, check state, approve action, and resume execution.

from deepagents import create_deep_agent
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.types import Command

agent = create_deep_agent(
    interrupt_on={"write_file": True},
    checkpointer=MemorySaver()
)

config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "session-1"}}

# Step 1: Agent proposes write_file - execution pauses
result = agent.invoke({
    "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Write config to /prod.yaml"}]
}, config=config)

# Step 2: Check for interrupts
state = agent.get_state(config)
if state.next:
    print(f"Pending action")

# Step 3: Approve and resume
result = agent.invoke(Command(resume={"decisions": [{"type": "approve"}]}), config=config)

</python> <typescript> Complete workflow: trigger an interrupt, check state, approve action, and resume execution.

import { createDeepAgent } from "deepagents";
import { MemorySaver, Command } from "@langchain/langgraph";

const agent = await createDeepAgent({
  interruptOn: { write_file: true },
  checkpointer: new MemorySaver()
});

const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "session-1" } };

// Step 1: Agent proposes write_file - execution pauses
let result = await agent.invoke({
  messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Write config to /prod.yaml" }]
}, config);

// Step 2: Check for interrupts
const state = await agent.getState(config);
if (state.next) {
  console.log("Pending action");
}

// Step 3: Approve and resume
result = await agent.invoke(
  new Command({ resume: { decisions: [{ type: "approve" }] } }), config
);

</typescript> </ex-approval-workflow> <ex-reject-with-feedback> <python> Reject a pending action with feedback, prompting the agent to try a different approach.

result = agent.invoke(
    Command(resume={"decisions": [{"type": "reject", "message": "Run tests first"}]}),
    config=config,
)

</python> <typescript> Reject a pending action with feedback, prompting the agent to try a different approach.

const result = await agent.invoke(
  new Command({ resume: { decisions: [{ type: "reject", message: "Run tests first" }] } }),
  config,
);

</typescript> </ex-reject-with-feedback> <ex-edit-before-execution> <python> Edit the proposed action arguments before allowing execution.

result = agent.invoke(
    Command(resume={"decisions": [{
        "type": "edit",
        "edited_action": {
            "name": "execute_sql",
            "args": {"query": "DELETE FROM users WHERE last_login < '2020-01-01' LIMIT 100"},
        },
    }]}),
    config=config,
)

</python> </ex-edit-before-execution> <boundaries> ### What Agents CAN Configure

• Subagent names, tools, models, system prompts
• Which tools require approval
• Allowed decision types per tool
• TodoList content and structure

What Agents CANNOT Configure

• Tool names (task, write_todos)
• HITL protocol (approve/edit/reject structure)
• Skip checkpointer requirement for interrupts
• Make subagents stateful (they're ephemeral) </boundaries>

<fix-checkpointer-required> <python> Checkpointer is required when using interrupt_on for HITL workflows.

# WRONG
agent = create_deep_agent(interrupt_on={"write_file": True})

# CORRECT
agent = create_deep_agent(interrupt_on={"write_file": True}, checkpointer=MemorySaver())

</python> <typescript> Checkpointer is required when using interruptOn for HITL workflows.

// WRONG
const agent = await createDeepAgent({ interruptOn: { write_file: true } });

// CORRECT
const agent = await createDeepAgent({ interruptOn: { write_file: true }, checkpointer: new MemorySaver() });

</typescript> </fix-checkpointer-required> <fix-thread-id-required-for-resumption> <python> A consistent thread_id is required to resume interrupted workflows.

# WRONG: Can't resume without thread_id
agent.invoke({"messages": [...]})

# CORRECT
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "session-1"}}
agent.invoke({...}, config=config)
# Resume with Command using same config
agent.invoke(Command(resume={"decisions": [{"type": "approve"}]}), config=config)

</python> <typescript> A consistent thread_id is required to resume interrupted workflows.

// WRONG: Can't resume without thread_id
await agent.invoke({ messages: [...] });

// CORRECT
const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "session-1" } };
await agent.invoke({ messages: [...] }, config);
// Resume with Command using same config
await agent.invoke(new Command({ resume: { decisions: [{ type: "approve" }] } }), config);

</typescript> </fix-thread-id-required-for-resumption> <fix-interrupt-checks-between-invocations> <python> Interrupts happen BETWEEN invoke() calls, not mid-execution.

result = agent.invoke({...}, config=config)       # Step 1: triggers interrupt
if "__interrupt__" in result:                      # Step 2: check for interrupt
    result = agent.invoke(                         # Step 3: resume
        Command(resume={"decisions": [{"type": "approve"}]}),
        config=config,
    )

</python> </fix-interrupt-checks-between-invocations>