ckorhonen/video-editor

Video Editor - FFmpeg & Encoding Expert

Expert guidance for video editing, encoding, and processing with ffmpeg. This skill covers container formats, codecs, encoding best practices, and quality optimization for video production workflows.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Encoding or transcoding video files
• Converting between container formats (MKV, MP4, etc.)
• Optimizing encoding settings for quality or file size
• Troubleshooting video quality issues
• Working with color spaces and color matrices
• Hardsubbing or softsubbing videos
• Preparing videos for specific platforms or devices
• Understanding why a video looks wrong after processing

Core Concepts

Container vs. Codec

This distinction is critical. File extensions like .mkv or .mp4 are container formats that package already-compressed streams. The actual compression happens through codecs like H.264, H.265, VP9, or AV1.

| Concept | What It Is | Examples | |---------|------------|----------| | Container | Wrapper that holds video/audio/subtitle streams | MKV, MP4, AVI, MOV, WebM | | Codec | Algorithm that compresses/decompresses video | H.264, H.265/HEVC, VP9, AV1 | | Encoder | Software that implements a codec | x264, x265, libvpx, NVENC |

Remuxing vs. Reencoding

| Operation | What It Does | Quality Impact | Speed | |-----------|--------------|----------------|-------| | Remuxing | Moves streams between containers without re-compression | None (lossless) | Very fast | | Reencoding | Decodes and re-encodes video with new settings | Always loses quality | Slow |

Rule of thumb: If you only need to change the container format, remux. Only reencode when absolutely necessary.

Quality Principles

What "Quality" Actually Means

Video quality measures how closely the output resembles the source. Every processing step moves the video further from the original. There is no way to add quality - only preserve or lose it.

Common Misconceptions

| Myth | Reality | |------|---------| | Higher resolution = better quality | Resolution is just dimensions; a 720p video can look better than a 4K one | | Higher bitrate = better quality | Encoder efficiency matters more; same quality at different sizes is possible | | H.265 is always 50% smaller | Depends on encoder settings; poorly-configured H.265 can be worse than H.264 | | Hardware encoding is fine for quality | Hardware encoders (NVENC, QuickSync) sacrifice quality for speed | | AI upscaling improves quality | Upscaling adds artificial detail that wasn't in the source |

The Encoding Quality Hierarchy

From most to least important:

1. Encoder settings (CRF, preset, tuning)
2. Encoder choice (x264/x265 vs. hardware encoders)
3. Codec (H.265 vs. H.264 vs. VP9)

Quick Reference: FFmpeg Commands

Remux (Change Container, No Quality Loss)

# MKV to MP4 (preserves all streams)
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy output.mp4

# MP4 to MKV
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy output.mkv

Basic Encoding

# Encode with x264, copy audio
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:a copy -c:v libx264 -preset slower -crf 20 output.mkv

# Encode with x265
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:a copy -c:v libx265 -preset slower -crf 22 output.mkv

Quality-Focused Encoding

# High-quality x264 for animation
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:a copy -c:v libx264 -preset slower -crf 18 \
  -x264-params bframes=8 output.mkv

# High-quality x265
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:a copy -c:v libx265 -preset slower -crf 20 \
  -x265-params bframes=8 output.mkv

Encoding Settings Deep Dive

CRF (Constant Rate Factor)

CRF controls quality vs. file size tradeoff. Lower = higher quality, larger file.

| CRF Range | Quality Level | Typical Use | |-----------|---------------|-------------| | 0 | Lossless | Archival, intermediate | | 15-18 | Visually lossless | High-quality archival | | 19-23 | High quality | General use, streaming | | 24-28 | Medium quality | Web, mobile | | 29+ | Low quality | Previews, thumbnails |

Note: CRF values aren't directly comparable between encoders. x265 CRF 22 ≈ x264 CRF 20.

Preset

Presets control encoding speed vs. compression efficiency.

| Preset | Speed | File Size | Use When | |--------|-------|-----------|----------| | ultrafast | Fastest | Largest | Live streaming | | fast | Fast | Large | Quick transcodes | | medium | Moderate | Moderate | Default | | slow | Slow | Smaller | Quality-focused | | slower | Very slow | Even smaller | Recommended for quality | | veryslow | Extremely slow | Smallest | Maximum compression |

Recommendation: Use slower for quality-focused encoding. The difference between slower and veryslow is minimal for significant time cost.

Tune Options

| Tune | Best For | |------|----------| | film | Live-action with film grain | | animation | Cartoons, anime, flat areas | | grain | Preserve film grain | | stillimage | Slideshow, static content | | fastdecode | Playback on weak devices |

# Animation tuning
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -preset slower -crf 20 -tune animation output.mkv

Container-Specific Considerations

MKV (Matroska)

Pros:

• Supports virtually any codec
• Multiple audio/subtitle tracks
• Chapter markers
• Variable frame rate support

Cons:

• Less compatible with some devices/software
• Some streaming services don't accept it

MP4

Pros:

• Universal compatibility
• Web-friendly
• Hardware decoder support everywhere

Cons:

• Limited subtitle format support
• Stricter codec requirements
• Constant frame rate expected

Converting MKV to MP4 for Editing Software

Some editing software requires constant frame rate MP4. Use this two-pass approach:

# Step 1: Initial remux with timescale adjustment
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy -video_track_timescale 24000 intermediate.mp4

# Step 2: Fix timestamps
ffmpeg -i intermediate.mp4 -c copy \
  -bsf:v "setts=dts=1001*round(DTS/1001):pts=1001*round(PTS/1001)" output.mp4

Color Space & Color Management

Understanding Color Metadata

Videos store colors in YCbCr format with metadata specifying:

• Color matrix: How to convert YCbCr to RGB (BT.709, BT.601)
• Color range: Limited (16-235) vs. Full (0-255)
• Chroma location: Where color samples are positioned

Common Issues

| Symptom | Likely Cause | |---------|--------------| | Washed out colors | Wrong color range (Limited treated as Full) | | Crushed blacks/blown whites | Wrong color range (Full treated as Limited) | | Greenish/pinkish tint | Wrong color matrix | | Colors look "off" after encode | Mismatched color metadata |

Preserving Color Information

# Explicitly preserve color metadata
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -preset slower -crf 20 \
  -colorspace bt709 -color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 output.mkv

Hardsubbing (Burning In Subtitles)

Using FFmpeg

# Hardsub from external subtitle file
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -vf "subtitles=subs.ass" -c:v libx264 -preset slower -crf 20 output.mkv

# Hardsub from embedded subtitle track
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -vf "subtitles=input.mkv:si=0" -c:v libx264 -preset slower -crf 20 output.mkv

Using mpv (Better for Complex Subtitles)

mpv handles complex ASS subtitles (styling, positioning) more accurately:

mpv --no-config input.mkv -o output.mkv \
  --audio=no \
  --ovc=libx264 \
  --ovcopts=preset=slower,crf=20,bframes=8

What to Avoid

Tools

| Tool | Problem | |------|---------| | Handbrake | Unpredictable settings, hides important options | | Online converters | Quality loss, privacy concerns | | "AI upscalers" | Add fake detail, move further from source | | Windows built-in tools | Poor quality, limited options |

Practices

| Practice | Why It's Bad | |----------|--------------| | Unnecessary sharpening | Adds artifacts, moves from source | | Upscaling to higher resolution | Doesn't add real detail | | Multiple reencodes | Quality loss compounds | | Using NVENC for quality | Hardware encoders prioritize speed over quality | | Frame rate interpolation | Adds fake frames with artifacts |

Recommended Tools

Essential

| Tool | Purpose | |------|---------| | ffmpeg | Swiss army knife for video processing | | MediaInfo | Inspect video properties and metadata | | mpv | Superior media player, encoding support | | MKVToolNix | GUI for MKV muxing operations |

Specialized

| Tool | Purpose | |------|---------| | Aegisub | Subtitle editing | | HandBrake | Simple transcoding (use with caution) | | yt-dlp | Download online videos |

Troubleshooting

Video Won't Play

1. Check codec support on target device
2. Try remuxing to different container
3. Verify file isn't corrupted: ffmpeg -v error -i file.mkv -f null -

Colors Look Wrong After Encoding

1. Compare color metadata: mediainfo input.mkv vs. mediainfo output.mkv
2. Check color range (Limited vs. Full)
3. Check color matrix (BT.709 vs. BT.601)
4. Explicitly set color parameters in ffmpeg command

File Size Too Large

1. Increase CRF (e.g., 20 → 23)
2. Use slower preset for better compression
3. Consider x265 for better efficiency
4. Check if you're unnecessarily encoding (remux instead)

Encoding Takes Forever

1. Use faster preset (but accept larger file)
2. Check if hardware encoding is acceptable for your use case
3. Ensure source isn't being decoded unnecessarily

Audio/Video Out of Sync

1. Check source file for sync issues first
2. Use -async 1 for audio sync correction
3. Try remuxing instead of reencoding

Examples

Archive a Blu-ray Rip

ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:a copy -c:v libx265 -preset slower -crf 18 \
  -x265-params bframes=8 output.mkv

Prepare for YouTube Upload

ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:a aac -b:a 384k -c:v libx264 -preset slower -crf 18 \
  -profile:v high -level 4.2 -pix_fmt yuv420p output.mp4

Quick Preview/Proxy

ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:a aac -b:a 128k -c:v libx264 -preset fast -crf 28 \
  -vf scale=640:-2 output.mp4

Extract Audio Only

# Copy audio stream (no re-encoding)
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -vn -c:a copy output.mka

# Convert to MP3
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -vn -c:a libmp3lame -b:a 320k output.mp3

Trim Without Re-encoding

# Trim from 1:00 to 2:30
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -ss 00:01:00 -to 00:02:30 -c copy output.mkv

Resources

• FFmpeg Documentation
• FFmpeg Wiki
• x264 Settings Guide
• x265 Settings Guide
• MediaInfo
• mpv Manual