casemark/ground-lease
skills/legal/ground-lease/SKILL.md
Drafts U.S. ground lease agreements for long-term land leases (49–99 years) where tenants construct improvements on landlord-retained fee property. Covers term structures, leasehold mortgage protections, rent escalation, improvement ownership/reversion, subordination, condemnation, and environmental allocation. Use when drafting, negotiating, or reviewing ground leases for commercial real estate (retail, office, hospitality, mixed-use, public-private partnerships).
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Last scanned: Aug 8, 2026, 4:25 AM199.0s1 file scanned
SKILL.md
- name:
- ground-lease
- language:
- en
- description:
- Drafts U.S. ground lease agreements for long-term land leases (49–99 years) where tenants construct improvements on landlord-retained fee property. Covers term structures, leasehold mortgage protections, rent escalation, improvement ownership/reversion, subordination, condemnation, and environmental allocation. Use when drafting, negotiating, or reviewing ground leases for commercial real estate (retail, office, hospitality, mixed-use, public-private partnerships).
Ground Lease Agreement
Drafts a financeable ground lease governing long-term land use where the tenant constructs improvements on landlord-retained fee, with improvements reverting to landlord upon expiration.
Prerequisites
Gather before drafting:
- Parties — legal names, entity types, formation jurisdictions, addresses (landlord, tenant, any guarantor)
- Property — legal description (metes and bounds, lot/block, plat), street address, county/state, title/survey exceptions
- Economics — initial base rent, escalation method, rent commencement trigger, any percentage/participation rent
- Development — intended use, improvement scope, construction timeline, target CO date
- Financing — subordinate vs. unsubordinate to tenant's financing; anticipated lender(s)
- Special terms — LOI/term sheet deal points, governmental approvals, institutional/public-entity constraints
Agreement Sections
1. Parties, Recitals & Property
- Entity details; identify SPE structure and parent guaranty
- Recitals: fee ownership rationale, development intent, project scope
- Legal description controls over street address
- Appurtenant rights (access, utility, parking, signage); reservations (minerals, prior easements) carved out
- Address air rights / subsurface rights if bifurcated
2. Lease Term
| Element | Range | Notes | |---|---|---| | Initial term | 49–99 yrs | Based on financing needs and improvement useful life | | Renewal options | 1–3 options, 10–25 yrs each | 12–24 mo notice; no uncured default; specify rent reset method | | Commencement | Execution or conditions precedent | CPs: zoning, financing commitment, landlord delivery | | Early termination | Rarely granted | If included: notice, fee, improvement treatment |
3. Rent & Escalation
Base rent typically 5–8% of appraised land value.
| Method | Key Points | |---|---| | Fixed steps | Interval (e.g., 5 yrs), step-up %, cumulative or not | | CPI | Index (CPI-U), base period, interval, cap/floor | | FMV reset | Dual appraisers, baseball arbitration, 12–18 mo notice, cost allocation | | Percentage rent | Define "Gross Revenues," reporting, audit rights, breakpoint |
Payment: due dates, late charge (5% after 10–15 day grace), default interest (prime + 3–5%). Verify usury compliance.
Taxes: tenant pays all real property taxes (land + improvements) directly; annual evidence; may contest but must prevent liens on fee.
4. Use, Development & Improvements
Permitted use: reference zoning; broad enough for evolution but restrict environmental-risk uses and covenant violations.
Construction milestones: commence within 6–12 mo; complete within 12–36 mo; completion = CO or AIA substantial completion; failure triggers landlord termination right or rent acceleration.
Improvement ownership:
- During term: tenant owns, may depreciate and encumber via leasehold mortgage
- Expiration: revert to landlord without compensation (unless negotiated otherwise)
- Trade fixtures/equipment: removable if not affixed
5. Maintenance, Compliance & Insurance
Tenant responsible for all maintenance (structural and non-structural) to first-class comparable standard.
| Coverage | Limits | Requirements | |---|---|---| | CGL (occurrence) | $5M–$10M+ | Landlord additional insured; contractual liability | | Umbrella/excess | As needed | Follow-form | | Property (all-risk, replacement) | Full replacement cost | Landlord loss payee; include rent loss | | Builder's risk | Full WIP value | Construction periods only | | Workers' comp | Statutory | If employees on-site | | Pollution liability | As appropriate | If hazmat operations |
Carrier: A.M. Best A- or better. Certificates annually; 30-day cancellation notice; primary and non-contributory; subrogation waived.
6. Casualty & Condemnation
Casualty: tenant restores (commence 60–90 days, complete 12–24 mo). Insurance proceeds in controlled disbursement against architect certifications. Tenant funds shortfall. Termination rights: damage in final [X] years, damage > [Y]% replacement cost, or insufficient proceeds.
Condemnation:
- Total taking: both terminate; landlord gets land value, tenant gets improvement value + leasehold bonus + business damages + relocation
- Partial taking: lease continues, rent adjusted proportionally, restoration applies
7. Assignment & Transfer
Consent: landlord required (not unreasonably withheld/conditioned/delayed); 30–60 day response; deemed consent if silent.
Criteria: net worth ≥ [X × annual rent], comparable operating experience, no prohibited use, audited financials.
Permitted (no consent): affiliate transfers (original tenant liable or transferee comparable), merger/consolidation to equal+ entity, leasehold mortgagee foreclosure.
No recapture right — inappropriate given tenant's capital investment.
8. Leasehold Mortgage Provisions
Critical for institutional financing. Include all:
- Right to mortgage: tenant may encumber leasehold + improvements without consent
- Lender notice: landlord sends all default notices to registered lenders simultaneously
- Lender cure rights: tenant's full cure period + 30–60 additional days (monetary); reasonable additional time for non-monetary defaults requiring possession
- New lease right: if ground lease terminates for tenant default, lender may elect (within 30–60 days) to receive new lease on identical terms, curing all defaults and arrears
- Non-disturbance: landlord won't disturb lender's security while lender performs tenant obligations
- Foreclosure recognition: landlord recognizes foreclosure sale purchaser as tenant upon assumption and cure
9. Environmental
- Landlord reps: no known contamination/violations at commencement (subject to Phase I disclosures)
- Tenant obligations: comply with environmental laws; permits; hazmat records; inspection access
- Remediation: tenant remediates tenant-caused contamination to regulatory closure; landlord self-help if tenant fails
- Indemnification: tenant indemnifies for environmental claims from tenant operations — survives expiration
- Surrender: deliver free of tenant-caused contamination; Phase I or regulatory closure evidence
10. Default & Remedies
| Type | Notice | Cure Period | |---|---|---| | Monetary | Written | 10–15 days | | Non-monetary | Written | 30–60 days + reasonable extension if diligently pursued | | Non-curable | Written | Immediate termination right |
Landlord remedies: termination; rent acceleration (subject to mitigation); self-help cure as additional rent; specific performance; damages.
Tenant remedies: damages; offset (perform and deduct); specific performance; termination only for material landlord breach.
11. General Provisions
- Governing law: property situs state
- Disputes: executive negotiation (30 days) → mediation (AAA/JAMS) → litigation/arbitration; carve out termination and injunctive relief
- Jury waiver: include with conspicuousness; confirm enforceability [VERIFY jurisdiction]
- Notices: simultaneous to lenders; certified mail + overnight + email
- Recording: memorandum/short-form (preserving economic confidentiality); include term, options, leasehold mortgage rights
Checks
- Confirm leasehold mortgage provisions satisfy anticipated lender requirements (CMBS, life company, bank) before finalizing
- Resolve subordination vs. unsubordination early — fundamentally changes risk allocation
- Terms of 49 or 99 years most common; avoid century-crossing terms without careful renewal/reset mechanics
- If FMV rent resets at renewal, model scenarios and ensure dispute procedure (baseball arbitration preferred) is functional
- If landlord is institutional/governmental, confirm improvement reversion is consistent with accounting, tax-exempt status, or regulatory obligations
- State-specific: usury caps, jury waiver enforceability, recording requirements, landlord-tenant statutes — flag for local counsel
- Mark [VERIFY] on any statutory citation, index reference, or local law requirement not confirmed against current sources
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