anthropics/instrument-data-to-allotrope

Instrument Data to Allotrope Converter

Convert instrument files into standardized Allotrope Simple Model (ASM) format for LIMS upload, data lakes, or handoff to data engineering teams.

Note: This is an Example Skill

This skill demonstrates how skills can support your data engineering tasks—automating schema transformations, parsing instrument outputs, and generating production-ready code.

To customize for your organization:

• Modify the references/ files to include your company's specific schemas or ontology mappings
• Use an MCP server to connect to systems that define your schemas (e.g., your LIMS, data catalog, or schema registry)
• Extend the scripts/ to handle proprietary instrument formats or internal data standards

This pattern can be adapted for any data transformation workflow where you need to convert between formats or validate against organizational standards.

Workflow Overview

1. Detect instrument type from file contents (auto-detect or user-specified)
2. Parse file using allotropy library (native) or flexible fallback parser
3. Generate outputs:
   • ASM JSON (full semantic structure)
   • Flattened CSV (2D tabular format)
   • Python parser code (for data engineer handoff)
4. Deliver files with summary and usage instructions

When Uncertain: If you're unsure how to map a field to ASM (e.g., is this raw data or calculated? device setting or environmental condition?), ask the user for clarification. Refer to references/field_classification_guide.md for guidance, but when ambiguity remains, confirm with the user rather than guessing.

Quick Start

# Install requirements first
pip install allotropy pandas openpyxl pdfplumber --break-system-packages

# Core conversion
from allotropy.parser_factory import Vendor
from allotropy.to_allotrope import allotrope_from_file

# Convert with allotropy
asm = allotrope_from_file("instrument_data.csv", Vendor.BECKMAN_VI_CELL_BLU)

Output Format Selection

ASM JSON (default) - Full semantic structure with ontology URIs

• Best for: LIMS systems expecting ASM, data lakes, long-term archival
• Validates against Allotrope schemas

Flattened CSV - 2D tabular representation

• Best for: Quick analysis, Excel users, systems without JSON support
• Each measurement becomes one row with metadata repeated

Both - Generate both formats for maximum flexibility

Calculated Data Handling

IMPORTANT: Separate raw measurements from calculated/derived values.

• Raw data → measurement-document (direct instrument readings)
• Calculated data → calculated-data-aggregate-document (derived values)

Calculated values MUST include traceability via data-source-aggregate-document:

"calculated-data-aggregate-document": {
  "calculated-data-document": [{
    "calculated-data-identifier": "SAMPLE_B1_DIN_001",
    "calculated-data-name": "DNA integrity number",
    "calculated-result": {"value": 9.5, "unit": "(unitless)"},
    "data-source-aggregate-document": {
      "data-source-document": [{
        "data-source-identifier": "SAMPLE_B1_MEASUREMENT",
        "data-source-feature": "electrophoresis trace"
      }]
    }
  }]
}

Common calculated fields by instrument type: | Instrument | Calculated Fields | |------------|-------------------| | Cell counter | Viability %, cell density dilution-adjusted values | | Spectrophotometer | Concentration (from absorbance), 260/280 ratio | | Plate reader | Concentrations from standard curve, %CV | | Electrophoresis | DIN/RIN, region concentrations, average sizes | | qPCR | Relative quantities, fold change |

See references/field_classification_guide.md for detailed guidance on raw vs. calculated classification.

Validation

Always validate ASM output before delivering to the user:

python scripts/validate_asm.py output.json
python scripts/validate_asm.py output.json --reference known_good.json  # Compare to reference
python scripts/validate_asm.py output.json --strict  # Treat warnings as errors

Validation Rules:

• Based on Allotrope ASM specification (December 2024)
• Last updated: 2026-01-07
• Source: https://gitlab.com/allotrope-public/asm

Soft Validation Approach: Unknown techniques, units, or sample roles generate warnings (not errors) to allow for forward compatibility. If Allotrope adds new values after December 2024, the validator won't block them—it will flag them for manual verification. Use --strict mode to treat warnings as errors if you need stricter validation.

What it checks:

• Correct technique selection (e.g., multi-analyte profiling vs plate reader)
• Field naming conventions (space-separated, not hyphenated)
• Calculated data has traceability (data-source-aggregate-document)
• Unique identifiers exist for measurements and calculated values
• Required metadata present
• Valid units and sample roles (with soft validation for unknown values)

Supported Instruments

See references/supported_instruments.md for complete list. Key instruments:

| Category | Instruments | |----------|-------------| | Cell Counting | Vi-CELL BLU, Vi-CELL XR, NucleoCounter | | Spectrophotometry | NanoDrop One/Eight/8000, Lunatic | | Plate Readers | SoftMax Pro, EnVision, Gen5, CLARIOstar | | ELISA | SoftMax Pro, BMG MARS, MSD Workbench | | qPCR | QuantStudio, Bio-Rad CFX | | Chromatography | Empower, Chromeleon |

Detection & Parsing Strategy

Tier 1: Native allotropy parsing (PREFERRED)

Always try allotropy first. Check available vendors directly:

from allotropy.parser_factory import Vendor

# List all supported vendors
for v in Vendor:
    print(f"{v.name}")

# Common vendors:
# AGILENT_TAPESTATION_ANALYSIS  (for TapeStation XML)
# BECKMAN_VI_CELL_BLU
# THERMO_FISHER_NANODROP_EIGHT
# MOLDEV_SOFTMAX_PRO
# APPBIO_QUANTSTUDIO
# ... many more

When the user provides a file, check if allotropy supports it before falling back to manual parsing. The scripts/convert_to_asm.py auto-detection only covers a subset of allotropy vendors.

Tier 2: Flexible fallback parsing

Only use if allotropy doesn't support the instrument. This fallback:

• Does NOT generate calculated-data-aggregate-document
• Does NOT include full traceability
• Produces simplified ASM structure

Use flexible parser with:

• Column name fuzzy matching
• Unit extraction from headers
• Metadata extraction from file structure

Tier 3: PDF extraction

For PDF-only files, extract tables using pdfplumber, then apply Tier 2 parsing.

Pre-Parsing Checklist

Before writing a custom parser, ALWAYS:

1. Check if allotropy supports it - Use native parser if available
2. Find a reference ASM file - Check references/examples/ or ask user
3. Review instrument-specific guide - Check references/instrument_guides/
4. Validate against reference - Run validate_asm.py --reference <file>

Common Mistakes to Avoid

| Mistake | Correct Approach | |---------|------------------| | Manifest as object | Use URL string | | Lowercase detection types | Use "Absorbance" not "absorbance" | | "emission wavelength setting" | Use "detector wavelength setting" for emission | | All measurements in one document | Group by well/sample location | | Missing procedure metadata | Extract ALL device settings per measurement |

Code Export for Data Engineers

Generate standalone Python scripts that scientists can hand off:

# Export parser code
python scripts/export_parser.py --input "data.csv" --vendor "VI_CELL_BLU" --output "parser_script.py"

The exported script:

• Has no external dependencies beyond pandas/allotropy
• Includes inline documentation
• Can run in Jupyter notebooks
• Is production-ready for data pipelines

File Structure

instrument-data-to-allotrope/
├── SKILL.md                          # This file
├── scripts/
│   ├── convert_to_asm.py            # Main conversion script
│   ├── flatten_asm.py               # ASM → 2D CSV conversion
│   ├── export_parser.py             # Generate standalone parser code
│   └── validate_asm.py              # Validate ASM output quality
└── references/
    ├── supported_instruments.md     # Full instrument list with Vendor enums
    ├── asm_schema_overview.md       # ASM structure reference
    ├── field_classification_guide.md # Where to put different field types
    └── flattening_guide.md          # How flattening works

Usage Examples

Example 1: Vi-CELL BLU file

User: "Convert this cell counting data to Allotrope format"
[uploads viCell_Results.xlsx]

Claude:
1. Detects Vi-CELL BLU (95% confidence)
2. Converts using allotropy native parser
3. Outputs:
   - viCell_Results_asm.json (full ASM)
   - viCell_Results_flat.csv (2D format)
   - viCell_parser.py (exportable code)

Example 2: Request for code handoff

User: "I need to give our data engineer code to parse NanoDrop files"

Claude:
1. Generates self-contained Python script
2. Includes sample input/output
3. Documents all assumptions
4. Provides Jupyter notebook version

Example 3: LIMS-ready flattened output

User: "Convert this ELISA data to a CSV I can upload to our LIMS"

Claude:
1. Parses plate reader data
2. Generates flattened CSV with columns:
   - sample_identifier, well_position, measurement_value, measurement_unit
   - instrument_serial_number, analysis_datetime, assay_type
3. Validates against common LIMS import requirements

Implementation Notes

Installing allotropy

pip install allotropy --break-system-packages

Handling parse failures

If allotropy native parsing fails:

1. Log the error for debugging
2. Fall back to flexible parser
3. Report reduced metadata completeness to user
4. Suggest exporting different format from instrument

ASM Schema Validation

Validate output against Allotrope schemas when available:

import jsonschema
# Schema URLs in references/asm_schema_overview.md