offensive-tools/re/binwalk/SKILL.md
Analyze and extract firmware images, identifying embedded file systems, compressed archives, and executable code. Use when reversing IoT firmware, embedded devices, or binary blobs during hardware/firmware security assessments.
npx skillsauth add aeondave/malskill binwalkInstall this skill globally with one command. Works with Claude Code, Cursor, and Windsurf.
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Firmware analysis and extraction — identify and extract embedded files from binary blobs.
# Install
apt install binwalk
# Scan firmware for signatures
binwalk firmware.bin
# Extract all found content
binwalk -e firmware.bin
# Output in _firmware.bin.extracted/
# Recursive extraction
binwalk -eM firmware.bin
| Flag | Purpose |
|------|---------|
| -e | Extract found files |
| -M | Recursive extraction (matryoshka) |
| -B | Signature scan (default) |
| -E | Entropy analysis |
| -A | Disassemble CPU instructions |
| -C DIR | Output directory |
| -q | Quiet mode |
| --dd TYPE:OFFSET:SIZE | Manual extraction |
| -l N | Limit extraction size |
Full firmware analysis:
binwalk -eM firmware.bin -C ./extracted/
ls ./extracted/
Find compressed/encrypted regions (entropy):
binwalk -E firmware.bin
# High entropy = encrypted/compressed, low = plaintext
Find hardcoded strings after extraction:
binwalk -eM firmware.bin
find ./_firmware.bin.extracted/ -type f | xargs strings | grep -i "password\|admin\|key"
| File | When to load |
|------|--------------|
| references/ | Filesystem types and QEMU emulation notes |
data-ai
Scoped routing: Linux operator; hosts, sessions, users, services, packages, logs, containers, SSH, network paths, privilege evidence.
development
Offensive methodology for ICS/OT/SCADA environments in authorized industrial penetration testing and red team operations. Use when assessing PLCs, RTUs, HMIs, engineering workstations, historians, or field devices running Modbus, DNP3, EtherNet/IP, S7comm/S7+, Profinet, IEC 60870-5-104, BACnet, or OPC-UA. Covers passive OT network enumeration, protocol-level device interrogation, PLC coil/register read-write attacks, HMI session exploitation, historian and engineering workstation compromise, and safe escalation rules for critical infrastructure scope. Does not cover: general IT network exploitation (network-technique), physical hardware interfaces UART/JTAG/SPI (hardware-technique), wireless sensor network attacks (wireless-technique), RF/SDR signal analysis (hardware-ctf or wireless-technique), or CTF-framed ICS lab tasks (ics-ctf).
tools
Offensive methodology for authorized game security assessments, game client security research, and game-adjacent penetration testing in real-world engagements. Use when assessing game clients for cheating vulnerabilities, testing anti-cheat effectiveness, auditing game server protocols for score manipulation or economic fraud, reverse engineering game DRM or license validation, analyzing game save file protection, or assessing game mod/plugin security. Covers: process memory scanning and manipulation (Cheat Engine methodology), game binary reversing for license and DRM bypass, game network protocol analysis and packet replay, anti-cheat mechanism analysis, save file format reversing and tampering, speed hack and value injection techniques. Does NOT cover: CTF game challenges (game-ctf), game engine source code auditing (web-exploit-technique or vuln-search-technique for the backend), or general binary exploitation (pwn-ctf or reversing-technique).
development
Auth assessment: hardware/embedded methodology; UART/JTAG/SWD/SPI/I2C, firmware extraction, boot/debug paths, embedded OS evidence.