actionbook/m07-concurrency

Concurrency

Layer 1: Language Mechanics

Core Question

Is this CPU-bound or I/O-bound, and what's the sharing model?

Before choosing concurrency primitives:

• What's the workload type?
• What data needs to be shared?
• What's the thread safety requirement?

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Error → Design Question

| Error | Don't Just Say | Ask Instead | |-------|----------------|-------------| | E0277 Send | "Add Send bound" | Should this type cross threads? | | E0277 Sync | "Wrap in Mutex" | Is shared access really needed? | | Future not Send | "Use spawn_local" | Is async the right choice? | | Deadlock | "Reorder locks" | Is the locking design correct? |

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Thinking Prompt

Before adding concurrency:

1. What's the workload?

   • CPU-bound → threads (std::thread, rayon)
   • I/O-bound → async (tokio, async-std)
   • Mixed → hybrid approach

2. What's the sharing model?

   • No sharing → message passing (channels)
   • Immutable sharing → Arc<T>
   • Mutable sharing → Arc<Mutex<T>> or Arc<RwLock<T>>

3. What are the Send/Sync requirements?

   • Cross-thread ownership → Send
   • Cross-thread references → Sync
   • Single-thread async → spawn_local

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Trace Up ↑ (MANDATORY)

CRITICAL: Don't just fix the error. Trace UP to find domain constraints.

Domain Detection Table

| Context Keywords | Load Domain Skill | Key Constraint | |-----------------|-------------------|----------------| | Web API, HTTP, axum, actix, handler | domain-web | Handlers run on any thread | | 交易, 支付, trading, payment | domain-fintech | Audit + thread safety | | gRPC, kubernetes, microservice | domain-cloud-native | Distributed tracing | | CLI, terminal, clap | domain-cli | Usually single-thread OK |

Example: Web API + Rc Error

"Rc cannot be sent between threads" in Web API context
    ↑ DETECT: "Web API" → Load domain-web
    ↑ FIND: domain-web says "Shared state must be thread-safe"
    ↑ FIND: domain-web says "Rc in state" is Common Mistake
    ↓ DESIGN: Use Arc<T> with State extractor
    ↓ IMPL: axum::extract::State<Arc<AppConfig>>

Generic Trace

"Send not satisfied for my type"
    ↑ Ask: What domain is this? Load domain-* skill
    ↑ Ask: Does this type need to cross thread boundaries?
    ↑ Check: m09-domain (is the data model correct?)

| Situation | Trace To | Question | |-----------|----------|----------| | Send/Sync in Web | domain-web | What's the state management pattern? | | Send/Sync in CLI | domain-cli | Is multi-thread really needed? | | Mutex vs channels | m09-domain | Shared state or message passing? | | Async vs threads | m10-performance | What's the workload profile? |

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Trace Down ↓

From design to implementation:

"Need parallelism for CPU work"
    ↓ Use: std::thread or rayon

"Need concurrency for I/O"
    ↓ Use: async/await with tokio

"Need to share immutable data across threads"
    ↓ Use: Arc<T>

"Need to share mutable data across threads"
    ↓ Use: Arc<Mutex<T>> or Arc<RwLock<T>>
    ↓ Or: channels for message passing

"Need simple atomic operations"
    ↓ Use: AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, etc.

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Send/Sync Markers

| Marker | Meaning | Example | |--------|---------|---------| | Send | Can transfer ownership between threads | Most types | | Sync | Can share references between threads | Arc<T> | | !Send | Must stay on one thread | Rc<T> | | !Sync | No shared refs across threads | RefCell<T> |

Quick Reference

| Pattern | Thread-Safe | Blocking | Use When | |---------|-------------|----------|----------| | std::thread | Yes | Yes | CPU-bound parallelism | | async/await | Yes | No | I/O-bound concurrency | | Mutex<T> | Yes | Yes | Shared mutable state | | RwLock<T> | Yes | Yes | Read-heavy shared state | | mpsc::channel | Yes | Optional | Message passing | | Arc<Mutex<T>> | Yes | Yes | Shared mutable across threads |

Decision Flowchart

What type of work?
├─ CPU-bound → std::thread or rayon
├─ I/O-bound → async/await
└─ Mixed → hybrid (spawn_blocking)

Need to share data?
├─ No → message passing (channels)
├─ Immutable → Arc<T>
└─ Mutable →
   ├─ Read-heavy → Arc<RwLock<T>>
   └─ Write-heavy → Arc<Mutex<T>>
   └─ Simple counter → AtomicUsize

Async context?
├─ Type is Send → tokio::spawn
├─ Type is !Send → spawn_local
└─ Blocking code → spawn_blocking

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Common Errors

| Error | Cause | Fix | |-------|-------|-----| | E0277 Send not satisfied | Non-Send in async | Use Arc or spawn_local | | E0277 Sync not satisfied | Non-Sync shared | Wrap with Mutex | | Deadlock | Lock ordering | Consistent lock order | | future is not Send | Non-Send across await | Drop before await | | MutexGuard across await | Guard held during suspend | Scope guard properly |

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Anti-Patterns

| Anti-Pattern | Why Bad | Better | |--------------|---------|--------| | Arc<Mutex<T>> everywhere | Contention, complexity | Message passing | | thread::sleep in async | Blocks executor | tokio::time::sleep | | Holding locks across await | Blocks other tasks | Scope locks tightly | | Ignoring deadlock risk | Hard to debug | Lock ordering, try_lock |

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Async-Specific Patterns

Avoid MutexGuard Across Await

// Bad: guard held across await
let guard = mutex.lock().await;
do_async().await;  // guard still held!

// Good: scope the lock
{
    let guard = mutex.lock().await;
    // use guard
}  // guard dropped
do_async().await;

Non-Send Types in Async

// Rc is !Send, can't cross await in spawned task
// Option 1: use Arc instead
// Option 2: use spawn_local (single-thread runtime)
// Option 3: ensure Rc is dropped before .await

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Related Skills

| When | See | |------|-----| | Smart pointer choice | m02-resource | | Interior mutability | m03-mutability | | Performance tuning | m10-performance | | Domain concurrency needs | domain-* |