docs/zh-CN/skills/swiftui-patterns/SKILL.md
SwiftUI 架构模式,使用 @Observable 进行状态管理,视图组合,导航,性能优化,以及现代 iOS/macOS UI 最佳实践。
npx skillsauth add SiniyaYousuf/everything_claudecode swiftui-patternsInstall this skill globally with one command. Works with Claude Code, Cursor, and Windsurf.
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适用于 Apple 平台的现代 SwiftUI 模式,用于构建声明式、高性能的用户界面。涵盖 Observation 框架、视图组合、类型安全导航和性能优化。
@State、@Observable、@Binding)NavigationStack 设计导航流程时选择最适合的最简单包装器:
| 包装器 | 使用场景 |
|---------|----------|
| @State | 视图本地的值类型(开关、表单字段、Sheet 展示) |
| @Binding | 指向父视图 @State 的双向引用 |
| @Observable 类 + @State | 拥有多个属性的自有模型 |
| @Observable 类(无包装器) | 从父视图传递的只读引用 |
| @Bindable | 指向 @Observable 属性的双向绑定 |
| @Environment | 通过 .environment() 注入的共享依赖项 |
使用 @Observable(而非 ObservableObject)—— 它跟踪属性级别的变更,因此 SwiftUI 只会重新渲染读取了已变更属性的视图:
@Observable
final class ItemListViewModel {
private(set) var items: [Item] = []
private(set) var isLoading = false
var searchText = ""
private let repository: any ItemRepository
init(repository: any ItemRepository = DefaultItemRepository()) {
self.repository = repository
}
func load() async {
isLoading = true
defer { isLoading = false }
items = (try? await repository.fetchAll()) ?? []
}
}
struct ItemListView: View {
@State private var viewModel: ItemListViewModel
init(viewModel: ItemListViewModel = ItemListViewModel()) {
_viewModel = State(initialValue: viewModel)
}
var body: some View {
List(viewModel.items) { item in
ItemRow(item: item)
}
.searchable(text: $viewModel.searchText)
.overlay { if viewModel.isLoading { ProgressView() } }
.task { await viewModel.load() }
}
}
用 @Environment 替换 @EnvironmentObject:
// Inject
ContentView()
.environment(authManager)
// Consume
struct ProfileView: View {
@Environment(AuthManager.self) private var auth
var body: some View {
Text(auth.currentUser?.name ?? "Guest")
}
}
将视图拆分为小型、专注的结构体。当状态变更时,只有读取该状态的子视图会重新渲染:
struct OrderView: View {
@State private var viewModel = OrderViewModel()
var body: some View {
VStack {
OrderHeader(title: viewModel.title)
OrderItemList(items: viewModel.items)
OrderTotal(total: viewModel.total)
}
}
}
struct CardModifier: ViewModifier {
func body(content: Content) -> some View {
content
.padding()
.background(.regularMaterial)
.clipShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12))
}
}
extension View {
func cardStyle() -> some View {
modifier(CardModifier())
}
}
使用 NavigationStack 与 NavigationPath 来实现程序化、类型安全的路由:
@Observable
final class Router {
var path = NavigationPath()
func navigate(to destination: Destination) {
path.append(destination)
}
func popToRoot() {
path = NavigationPath()
}
}
enum Destination: Hashable {
case detail(Item.ID)
case settings
case profile(User.ID)
}
struct RootView: View {
@State private var router = Router()
var body: some View {
NavigationStack(path: $router.path) {
HomeView()
.navigationDestination(for: Destination.self) { dest in
switch dest {
case .detail(let id): ItemDetailView(itemID: id)
case .settings: SettingsView()
case .profile(let id): ProfileView(userID: id)
}
}
}
.environment(router)
}
}
LazyVStack 和 LazyHStack 仅在视图可见时才创建它们:
ScrollView {
LazyVStack(spacing: 8) {
ForEach(items) { item in
ItemRow(item: item)
}
}
}
在 ForEach 中始终使用稳定、唯一的 ID —— 避免使用数组索引:
// Use Identifiable conformance or explicit id
ForEach(items, id: \.stableID) { item in
ItemRow(item: item)
}
body 内执行 I/O、网络调用或繁重计算.task {} 处理异步工作 —— 当视图消失时它会自动取消.sensoryFeedback() 和 .geometryGroup().shadow()、.blur() 和 .mask() —— 它们会触发屏幕外渲染对于 body 计算昂贵的视图,遵循 Equatable 以跳过不必要的重新渲染:
struct ExpensiveChartView: View, Equatable {
let dataPoints: [DataPoint] // DataPoint must conform to Equatable
static func == (lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> Bool {
lhs.dataPoints == rhs.dataPoints
}
var body: some View {
// Complex chart rendering
}
}
使用 #Preview 宏配合内联模拟数据以进行快速迭代:
#Preview("Empty state") {
ItemListView(viewModel: ItemListViewModel(repository: EmptyMockRepository()))
}
#Preview("Loaded") {
ItemListView(viewModel: ItemListViewModel(repository: PopulatedMockRepository()))
}
ObservableObject / @Published / @StateObject / @EnvironmentObject —— 迁移到 @Observablebody 或 init 中 —— 使用 .task {} 或显式的加载方法@State —— 改为从父视图传递AnyView 类型擦除 —— 对于条件视图,优先选择 @ViewBuilder 或 GroupSendable 要求查看技能:swift-actor-persistence 以了解基于 Actor 的持久化模式。
查看技能:swift-protocol-di-testing 以了解基于协议的 DI 和使用 Swift Testing 进行测试。
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