docs/zh-TW/skills/golang-testing/SKILL.md
Go testing patterns including table-driven tests, subtests, benchmarks, fuzzing, and test coverage. Follows TDD methodology with idiomatic Go practices.
npx skillsauth add SiniyaYousuf/everything_claudecode golang-testingInstall this skill globally with one command. Works with Claude Code, Cursor, and Windsurf.
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用於撰寫可靠、可維護測試的完整 Go 測試模式,遵循 TDD 方法論。
RED → 先寫失敗的測試
GREEN → 撰寫最少程式碼使測試通過
REFACTOR → 在保持測試綠色的同時改善程式碼
REPEAT → 繼續下一個需求
// 步驟 1:定義介面/簽章
// calculator.go
package calculator
func Add(a, b int) int {
panic("not implemented") // 佔位符
}
// 步驟 2:撰寫失敗測試(RED)
// calculator_test.go
package calculator
import "testing"
func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
got := Add(2, 3)
want := 5
if got != want {
t.Errorf("Add(2, 3) = %d; want %d", got, want)
}
}
// 步驟 3:執行測試 - 驗證失敗
// $ go test
// --- FAIL: TestAdd (0.00s)
// panic: not implemented
// 步驟 4:實作最少程式碼(GREEN)
func Add(a, b int) int {
return a + b
}
// 步驟 5:執行測試 - 驗證通過
// $ go test
// PASS
// 步驟 6:如需要則重構,驗證測試仍然通過
Go 測試的標準模式。以最少程式碼達到完整覆蓋。
func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
name string
a, b int
expected int
}{
{"positive numbers", 2, 3, 5},
{"negative numbers", -1, -2, -3},
{"zero values", 0, 0, 0},
{"mixed signs", -1, 1, 0},
{"large numbers", 1000000, 2000000, 3000000},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
got := Add(tt.a, tt.b)
if got != tt.expected {
t.Errorf("Add(%d, %d) = %d; want %d",
tt.a, tt.b, got, tt.expected)
}
})
}
}
func TestParseConfig(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
name string
input string
want *Config
wantErr bool
}{
{
name: "valid config",
input: `{"host": "localhost", "port": 8080}`,
want: &Config{Host: "localhost", Port: 8080},
},
{
name: "invalid JSON",
input: `{invalid}`,
wantErr: true,
},
{
name: "empty input",
input: "",
wantErr: true,
},
{
name: "minimal config",
input: `{}`,
want: &Config{}, // 零值 config
},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
got, err := ParseConfig(tt.input)
if tt.wantErr {
if err == nil {
t.Error("expected error, got nil")
}
return
}
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
}
if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
t.Errorf("got %+v; want %+v", got, tt.want)
}
})
}
}
func TestUser(t *testing.T) {
// 所有子測試共享的設置
db := setupTestDB(t)
t.Run("Create", func(t *testing.T) {
user := &User{Name: "Alice"}
err := db.CreateUser(user)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("CreateUser failed: %v", err)
}
if user.ID == "" {
t.Error("expected user ID to be set")
}
})
t.Run("Get", func(t *testing.T) {
user, err := db.GetUser("alice-id")
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("GetUser failed: %v", err)
}
if user.Name != "Alice" {
t.Errorf("got name %q; want %q", user.Name, "Alice")
}
})
t.Run("Update", func(t *testing.T) {
// ...
})
t.Run("Delete", func(t *testing.T) {
// ...
})
}
func TestParallel(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
name string
input string
}{
{"case1", "input1"},
{"case2", "input2"},
{"case3", "input3"},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
tt := tt // 捕獲範圍變數
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
t.Parallel() // 並行執行子測試
result := Process(tt.input)
// 斷言...
_ = result
})
}
}
func setupTestDB(t *testing.T) *sql.DB {
t.Helper() // 標記為輔助函式
db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", ":memory:")
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("failed to open database: %v", err)
}
// 測試結束時清理
t.Cleanup(func() {
db.Close()
})
// 執行 migrations
if _, err := db.Exec(schema); err != nil {
t.Fatalf("failed to create schema: %v", err)
}
return db
}
func assertNoError(t *testing.T, err error) {
t.Helper()
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
}
}
func assertEqual[T comparable](t *testing.T, got, want T) {
t.Helper()
if got != want {
t.Errorf("got %v; want %v", got, want)
}
}
func TestFileProcessing(t *testing.T) {
// 建立臨時目錄 - 自動清理
tmpDir := t.TempDir()
// 建立測試檔案
testFile := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "test.txt")
err := os.WriteFile(testFile, []byte("test content"), 0644)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("failed to create test file: %v", err)
}
// 執行測試
result, err := ProcessFile(testFile)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("ProcessFile failed: %v", err)
}
// 斷言...
_ = result
}
使用儲存在 testdata/ 中的預期輸出檔案進行測試。
var update = flag.Bool("update", false, "update golden files")
func TestRender(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
name string
input Template
}{
{"simple", Template{Name: "test"}},
{"complex", Template{Name: "test", Items: []string{"a", "b"}}},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
got := Render(tt.input)
golden := filepath.Join("testdata", tt.name+".golden")
if *update {
// 更新 golden 檔案:go test -update
err := os.WriteFile(golden, got, 0644)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("failed to update golden file: %v", err)
}
}
want, err := os.ReadFile(golden)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("failed to read golden file: %v", err)
}
if !bytes.Equal(got, want) {
t.Errorf("output mismatch:\ngot:\n%s\nwant:\n%s", got, want)
}
})
}
}
// 定義依賴的介面
type UserRepository interface {
GetUser(id string) (*User, error)
SaveUser(user *User) error
}
// 生產實作
type PostgresUserRepository struct {
db *sql.DB
}
func (r *PostgresUserRepository) GetUser(id string) (*User, error) {
// 實際資料庫查詢
}
// 測試用 Mock 實作
type MockUserRepository struct {
GetUserFunc func(id string) (*User, error)
SaveUserFunc func(user *User) error
}
func (m *MockUserRepository) GetUser(id string) (*User, error) {
return m.GetUserFunc(id)
}
func (m *MockUserRepository) SaveUser(user *User) error {
return m.SaveUserFunc(user)
}
// 使用 mock 的測試
func TestUserService(t *testing.T) {
mock := &MockUserRepository{
GetUserFunc: func(id string) (*User, error) {
if id == "123" {
return &User{ID: "123", Name: "Alice"}, nil
}
return nil, ErrNotFound
},
}
service := NewUserService(mock)
user, err := service.GetUserProfile("123")
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
}
if user.Name != "Alice" {
t.Errorf("got name %q; want %q", user.Name, "Alice")
}
}
func BenchmarkProcess(b *testing.B) {
data := generateTestData(1000)
b.ResetTimer() // 不計算設置時間
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
Process(data)
}
}
// 執行:go test -bench=BenchmarkProcess -benchmem
// 輸出:BenchmarkProcess-8 10000 105234 ns/op 4096 B/op 10 allocs/op
func BenchmarkSort(b *testing.B) {
sizes := []int{100, 1000, 10000, 100000}
for _, size := range sizes {
b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("size=%d", size), func(b *testing.B) {
data := generateRandomSlice(size)
b.ResetTimer()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
// 複製以避免排序已排序的資料
tmp := make([]int, len(data))
copy(tmp, data)
sort.Ints(tmp)
}
})
}
}
func BenchmarkStringConcat(b *testing.B) {
parts := []string{"hello", "world", "foo", "bar", "baz"}
b.Run("plus", func(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
var s string
for _, p := range parts {
s += p
}
_ = s
}
})
b.Run("builder", func(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
var sb strings.Builder
for _, p := range parts {
sb.WriteString(p)
}
_ = sb.String()
}
})
b.Run("join", func(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
_ = strings.Join(parts, "")
}
})
}
func FuzzParseJSON(f *testing.F) {
// 新增種子語料庫
f.Add(`{"name": "test"}`)
f.Add(`{"count": 123}`)
f.Add(`[]`)
f.Add(`""`)
f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, input string) {
var result map[string]interface{}
err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(input), &result)
if err != nil {
// 隨機輸入預期會有無效 JSON
return
}
// 如果解析成功,重新編碼應該可行
_, err = json.Marshal(result)
if err != nil {
t.Errorf("Marshal failed after successful Unmarshal: %v", err)
}
})
}
// 執行:go test -fuzz=FuzzParseJSON -fuzztime=30s
func FuzzCompare(f *testing.F) {
f.Add("hello", "world")
f.Add("", "")
f.Add("abc", "abc")
f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, a, b string) {
result := Compare(a, b)
// 屬性:Compare(a, a) 應該總是等於 0
if a == b && result != 0 {
t.Errorf("Compare(%q, %q) = %d; want 0", a, b, result)
}
// 屬性:Compare(a, b) 和 Compare(b, a) 應該有相反符號
reverse := Compare(b, a)
if (result > 0 && reverse >= 0) || (result < 0 && reverse <= 0) {
if result != 0 || reverse != 0 {
t.Errorf("Compare(%q, %q) = %d, Compare(%q, %q) = %d; inconsistent",
a, b, result, b, a, reverse)
}
}
})
}
# 基本覆蓋率
go test -cover ./...
# 產生覆蓋率 profile
go test -coverprofile=coverage.out ./...
# 在瀏覽器查看覆蓋率
go tool cover -html=coverage.out
# 按函式查看覆蓋率
go tool cover -func=coverage.out
# 含競態偵測的覆蓋率
go test -race -coverprofile=coverage.out ./...
| 程式碼類型 | 目標 | |-----------|------| | 關鍵業務邏輯 | 100% | | 公開 API | 90%+ | | 一般程式碼 | 80%+ | | 產生的程式碼 | 排除 |
func TestHealthHandler(t *testing.T) {
// 建立請求
req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/health", nil)
w := httptest.NewRecorder()
// 呼叫 handler
HealthHandler(w, req)
// 檢查回應
resp := w.Result()
defer resp.Body.Close()
if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
t.Errorf("got status %d; want %d", resp.StatusCode, http.StatusOK)
}
body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
if string(body) != "OK" {
t.Errorf("got body %q; want %q", body, "OK")
}
}
func TestAPIHandler(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
name string
method string
path string
body string
wantStatus int
wantBody string
}{
{
name: "get user",
method: http.MethodGet,
path: "/users/123",
wantStatus: http.StatusOK,
wantBody: `{"id":"123","name":"Alice"}`,
},
{
name: "not found",
method: http.MethodGet,
path: "/users/999",
wantStatus: http.StatusNotFound,
},
{
name: "create user",
method: http.MethodPost,
path: "/users",
body: `{"name":"Bob"}`,
wantStatus: http.StatusCreated,
},
}
handler := NewAPIHandler()
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
var body io.Reader
if tt.body != "" {
body = strings.NewReader(tt.body)
}
req := httptest.NewRequest(tt.method, tt.path, body)
req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
w := httptest.NewRecorder()
handler.ServeHTTP(w, req)
if w.Code != tt.wantStatus {
t.Errorf("got status %d; want %d", w.Code, tt.wantStatus)
}
if tt.wantBody != "" && w.Body.String() != tt.wantBody {
t.Errorf("got body %q; want %q", w.Body.String(), tt.wantBody)
}
})
}
}
# 執行所有測試
go test ./...
# 執行詳細輸出的測試
go test -v ./...
# 執行特定測試
go test -run TestAdd ./...
# 執行匹配模式的測試
go test -run "TestUser/Create" ./...
# 執行帶競態偵測器的測試
go test -race ./...
# 執行帶覆蓋率的測試
go test -cover -coverprofile=coverage.out ./...
# 只執行短測試
go test -short ./...
# 執行帶逾時的測試
go test -timeout 30s ./...
# 執行基準測試
go test -bench=. -benchmem ./...
# 執行模糊測試
go test -fuzz=FuzzParse -fuzztime=30s ./...
# 計算測試執行次數(用於偵測不穩定測試)
go test -count=10 ./...
應該做的:
t.Helper()t.Parallel()t.Cleanup() 清理資源不應該做的:
time.Sleep()(使用 channels 或條件)# GitHub Actions 範例
test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-go@v5
with:
go-version: '1.22'
- name: Run tests
run: go test -race -coverprofile=coverage.out ./...
- name: Check coverage
run: |
go tool cover -func=coverage.out | grep total | awk '{print $3}' | \
awk -F'%' '{if ($1 < 80) exit 1}'
記住:測試是文件。它們展示你的程式碼應該如何使用。清楚地撰寫並保持更新。
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